Man, Freedom, and the Atomic Bomb

The problem isn’t to prove God, or to deny God. The problem is to believe in your own existence.
— Silvano Petrosino
ENGLISH - Man, Freedom and the Atomic Bomb.
Alessandra Stoppa
ITALIANO - L'Uomo, la Libertà e la Bomba Atomica
Silvano Petrosino Intervistato da Alessandra Stoppa

An interview with Silvano Petrosino by Alessandra Stoppa.

A “naïve conception” of the human person now dominates the culture. Petrosino, one of Italy’s leading philosophers, traces the link between today’s rampant violence and an older, deeper question: the need to know who we are.

For Jacques Lacan, psychoanalysis had only one chance of surviving: it had to stay at the level of the subject’s integral experience. Silvano Petrosino agrees, and he extends the point. The vitality of an entire civilization, Christianity included, depends on the same refusal to look away.

Look at the pain sweeping the world. Lives torn apart by missiles and ideologies. Delusions of omnipotence. Dystopian elites. “Theologies” of war. Technocracies. Petrosino pulls all of it back to one question — the human person’s uncertainty about its own existence. That, he says, is where the atomic bomb really sits.

Petrosino teaches Communication Theory, Religious Anthropology, and Media at the Catholic University of Milan. His latest essay — short and bracing — is Power and Religion: On the Freedom of God (Vita e Pensiero). It takes up what he considers the central problem of our moment and of every moment.

Why are these two words — power and religion — central to understanding the present?

Start by separating them from two cousins: potency and religiosity. Potency is not power. Potency has to do with a “beyond,” with an excess that marks the human person. When we refuse to recognize that structure in ourselves, we go looking for an idol — and power is idolatry in its purest form. Religion, by contrast, tries to take the measure of what cannot be measured, to manage what cannot be managed. That excess is religiosity.

You say religiosity is not a choice.

It’s not an option at all. It’s a condition — mysterious, but unavoidable — that touches the whole human person. It runs through every part of our lives. We are unsettled creatures, inhabited by a “beyond,” by a “heaven” that hangs over us and exceeds us. We can’t dominate this part of ourselves. We can’t avoid it, and we certainly can’t control it. Our link to that excess is an enigma we can’t reduce. It lives inside the subject and keeps pointing him somewhere else, pulling him into an adventure he can’t walk away from — though he can certainly get distracted from it. Religiosity isn’t the product of an act of faith. It’s a structural feature of being human. That’s why an openness to the infinite keeps surfacing in every life. A “symptom of the infinite.”

The Artemis II mission held us spellbound. The astronauts kept reminding us that the fact the Earth exists, that we exist, is what is truly “special in all this emptiness, in this whole bunch of nothing.”

Yes — and it makes me think of Mircea Eliade on the “celestial vault.” Our human measure obviously can’t measure something immeasurable. And yet, paradoxically, as I argue in the book, the celestial vault is never indifferent to our measure. The vault gets measured by us.

What does that tell us about ourselves?

That we only experience a truly human measure — the one that makes us human — when something imposes itself on us as exceeding every measure.

Violence is spreading — not just in war, but at every level. You point to an “essential link” between aggression and existential anguish, between violence and our uncertainty about who we are. You even call it a constitutive feature of human experience.

The deeper problem, in my view, is that we hold a naïve conception of the human person. The prevailing anthropology is shallow. We no longer recognize that the human being is a mystery. What strikes me is how little confidence contemporary culture has in even raising the question. One sign of the naïveté: we fail to recognize that we are capable of evil, or we tell ourselves that if everyone were good the world would change. The human person stands before two great possibilities — to receive, and to destroy. The destruction part gets brushed off with a shrug: “We’re evil.” But that’s not interesting. In destruction, we are looking for something. That’s the interesting part.

Looking for what?

The excessive exercise of power we keep seeing comes from something subtle and deep: the need to know who we are. Existential anguish is an identity problem — Who am I? — and so the human person goes looking for confirmation in others. I always give the same simple example. A child shouts, “Mom, watch — I’m going to dive!” What is he asking for? “Tell me I exist.” He needs to be recognized. In a child, we understand. But as we grow, we shouldn’t reduce the dignity of the other to a means of self-affirmation. If I still need you to confirm who I am, sooner or later I will destroy you. And destroying you won’t be enough. Possessing you won’t be enough. I’ll need to annihilate you. Sade isn’t much read anymore, but he says something incredible: “Murder isn’t enough for me; I seek the annihilation of the other.” I don’t even want you left in memory. Destruction is the power of those who have no power. It’s how the insecure, the powerless, get to experience “power.” And about this side of the human person, we tend to put up our defenses. We pretend nothing’s there. We look away. Because we usually don’t stay at that level.

What level?

The level of the subject’s integral experience. Lacan’s line is stunning: “For us” — he means psychoanalysts — “there is only one chance: to remain at the level of the subject’s integral experience.” That’s the atomic bomb. And we don’t go that far.

Why?

Because when you go there, you find things you don’t much like. You might have to face the fact that you hate your father, that you’ve wished your brother dead. It’s frightening — the way it is in Tarkovsky’s Stalker, where there’s a place that fulfills your real desire, not what you tell yourself your desire is. That’s why the place is considered dangerous. The subject of desire is — and Lacan keeps coming back to this — the “bewilderment of desire.” Desire is the human person’s defining symptom precisely because we are inhabited by a surplus, by an otherness we can’t name, and about which we have no “knowledge.”

Speaking of that “not knowing” of the desire that inhabits us — we have just watched the media surround Peter Thiel’s ideas. The Palantir founder, a vendor of mass-surveillance systems with an obsession for global government, has put the Antichrist and the Apocalypse back on the table, leaning on Girard’s theory of “mimetic desire.”

Girard gets distorted and exploited by certain discourses. More broadly, we are watching religious and Christian readings take shape that are driven by identity issues and identity panic. Trump, after all, expresses a weakness in the United States that isn’t merely political. It runs much deeper. But about Girard: he grasped something fundamental about our path. The human person desires what others desire, and he does so because he doesn’t have clear, distinct knowledge of what drives his desire. Or, as Lacan puts it: “Man’s desire is a desire for nothing that can be named.” That very “not knowing,” that not knowing the name, is what defines him. It’s how he is fertilized by an experience of otherness.

You said we’re afraid to stay at the level of “integral experience.”

Because to stay there is to look out into the void. Into the hole. We’re hollowed out. The other day I was rereading one of my favorites, Isaac Singer — actually one of his lesser books, Old Love. He writes: “I miss you even when you’re here with me.” That’s a strange notion of presence, and of absence. Absence isn’t simply absence. Presence is always inhabited by absence, and the reverse is true too. “I miss you even when you’re here with me.” We are hollow. You could even say the Trinity is hollow. Augustine puts it this way: the Father is “everything” except the relation with the Son. The Father lacks the Son. The Father is not the Son, and he lacks him. The Trinity rests on the idea of lack, and that lack is inhabited by freedom and love. Paradoxically, it could just as easily have been inhabited by destruction — “Since I miss you, I’ll destroy you.” That’s why I keep saying the problem is identity. The subject’s identity is hollow. We are not a core. Our identity isn’t the identity of a “thing.” That’s why “I miss you even when you’re here with me.” We make idols because we’re looking for a foothold for our restlessness. The idol exists to pull us out of it. God never lets us “rest,” because he doesn’t put an end to our desire — he intensifies it. Augustine again: “Our heart is restless until it rests in You.” But what kind of rest is that? It isn’t the rest of death. It’s that the more I drink, the thirstier I get. The experience of God is the goal that is not the end. It doesn’t close — it reopens. That “rest” is the lover’s restlessness. The ending of the Song of Songs always astonishes me: “Flee, my beloved.” Incredible! It doesn’t say, “I have you,” but “flee.” The atomic bombs are all here, tangled together.

We could say they explode into freedom. In the book, drawing on Roland Barthes, you describe freedom not just as “the power to escape power,” but “also and above all the will not to subjugate anyone.”

Barthes unmasks the ideology that lets “modern innocence” keep talking about power. It’s the identity crisis that drives a person to see power and possession as the only “promised land” worth claiming. If a person is in a constant search for that confirmation, he demands everything from the other and makes himself a slave to his own fears. He turns himself into an aspiring oppressor and destroyer. Listen to Beauchamp: “What matters is to exist; the idol is what must be fabricated if existence does not exist. The proliferation of idols demonstrates that the recognition of existence is never assured. Existence is distressing.”

That is — living is distressing.

Living is distressing! Before we doubt God, we doubt ourselves. We don’t believe in ourselves, in our lives, in the fact that we’re alive. Because this living of ours is inhabited by a restlessness that won’t let us alone. Beauchamp says it again: “The primary act of the biblical man is to believe in his own existence, to believe in it to such an extent that he finds God in it. In doing so, he transcends it without knowing it.” The problem isn’t to prove God, or to deny God. The problem is to believe in your own existence. That’s the great question. That’s the problem today, and the problem of every age. We don’t believe in life. Or, to put it differently: we have received life but we haven’t welcomed it. And receiving and welcoming aren’t the same thing.

What do you mean by “welcoming life”?

When you drink a glass of water, do you ask yourself about it? Of course not. It’s obvious. And that’s the way of not welcoming — to treat life itself as obvious. Life has to be welcomed after it has been received. The interesting thing — let me repeat it — is that you can receive without welcoming. So the question becomes whether anyone is capable of bearing the “no,” the rejection, that lives inside every life. Who can take in the “no,” the “limit,” the rejection? I think of the experience we have with our children: it’s an experience of “not being able to.”

Do you believe in the human person this way because you have faith?

I’m talking about the structure of the human. Faith helps me give credence to what I see.

Say more.

The deep objection to existence sounds like this: “It’s not true,” “It doesn’t last,” “It isn’t worth it.” That is the radical objection to life. And faith isn’t believing in something unseen. Faith is giving credence to what you see. For me, the experience of Jesus is decisive — the experience of that man, the Nazarene. In his Diaries, Kafka offers a startling definition of the human person: “Even if salvation does not come, I still want to be worthy of it at every moment.” But who gives you the strength to live a truly human life? The experience of Jesus no longer lets us say “it’s impossible.” He is a presence who lives in a continuous relation with the Father. During the days of Easter I kept asking myself: how can anyone believe he rose?

And how did you answer?

You can believe he rose because he lived as one who had risen. Mary Magdalene’s message after the resurrection is exactly this: “Go to Galilee,” “remember what he told you” — that is, remember how he lived. How often does Jesus tell the disciples, and us, “You don’t understand”? He isn’t saying we don’t understand something that will be. He’s saying we don’t understand something that already is. Christianity is not a hallucination. And it’s not a religion. It’s an event. A story. If some guy rings my doorbell in the middle of the night and asks me for a banana, I call the police. If my son rings the bell and asks for a banana, I go down. The incredible becomes credible only inside a story.

In the book, you call the fact that God doesn’t let himself be possessed, and doesn’t possess anything, a “magnificent surprise.”

God doesn’t need to prove his power. He’s free — free because he’s love — and he waits and hopes for the response of a free person. Freedom, I’d say, is a synonym for uniqueness. Only you can be and do what you can be and do. In class I always say: God created Leonardo, but God couldn’t create the Mona Lisa. Only Leonardo could create the Mona Lisa. God loves freedom, and that’s why he says to me: “You tell me. What do you want? What do you desire? You do it. Only you can do it.”

Is that why you keep returning to the story of the burning bush?

Yes — because it shows God’s freedom, which, face-to-face, challenges human freedom. Moses is tending sheep that aren’t even his. They belong to his father-in-law. He sees the bush: “I want to go closer to look.” Only then does the bush speak. The Lord doesn’t speak first. Moses hears the call inside his own response. The response comes before the call, and we call that response freedom. Then God says, “Come no closer. Take off your sandals, for the place where you are standing is holy ground” — just like Jesus to Mary Magdalene: “Do not touch me.” In the end Moses says, “No, I don’t want to go, I’m not up to it” — he stuttered, after all. And the bush says, “I will be with you.” What’s disorienting is that the command — “Come no closer” — and the assurance — “I will be with you” — arrive at the same time.

Dizzying.

No question. And, for us, unbearable. Peter, after the Transfiguration, says, “Let’s make three tents and stay here.” He was right! What more could you possibly hope for? And yet. Think of Moses after the burning bush. It’s like coming home after someone told you, “Do you want to go to dinner with me — without my telling you my name, and without your seeing my face?” We need the idol because all of this is too dizzying. And yet, only at that height is the human truly human. It’s just hard to stay there. Hard to stay loyal to our own unyielding openness.

How does this play out in your own life?

There are people, friendships, that help me not to lie about it. People like Beauchamp — he helped me. Lacan helped me. My wife helps me. You could call it “community,” if we knew how not to confuse community with communion. Because in daily life we keep trying to fill the void. We fill it with a thousand things — happy hour, sex, whatever you want. But there are people who have the strength to look lack in the face and accept the unease it generates. Again — it’s a matter of looking at lack without confusing it with absence. There are places and people who are angels, and they help you not to lie about this. And there are devils who try to pull you away from it. When Lacan says psychoanalysts have only one option — to stay at the level of the subject’s integral experience — he’s warning about a real danger for psychoanalysis: that it gets replaced by a kind of “pharmacological psychology” that, at best, treats the symptom without going near its origin. The same warning, I think, applies to Christianity — which, to repeat, is not a religion. It survives only as long as it keeps speaking to the subject’s integral experience.

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