Charisms: Gifts for a Living Institution

The institution exists so that grace may always be offered; charisms are stirred up so that this grace may be received and bear fruit.
— Pope Leo XIV
ENGLISH - Charisms, gifts for living institutions.
Paolo Martinelli
ITALIANO - Carismi, i doni offerti perché la grazia dell'istituzione viva e porti frutto
Paolo Martinelli

Paolo Martinelli - Continua l'approfondimento sui carismi nella Chiesa. Qual è il senso della "coessenzialità" cara a Giovanni Paolo II?

The letter Iuvenescit Ecclesia, published ten years ago by the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith (May 15, 2016) with the approval of Pope Francis, is a document that responds to the need to examine, from a doctrinal perspective, the nature of the relationship between hierarchical gifts—those linked to the sacrament of Holy Orders (diaconate, priesthood, and episcopate)—and the charismatic gifts freely bestowed by the Holy Spirit upon believers.

It is a doctrinal text that draws its inspiration from the pastoral life of the Church and seeks to affirm certain theological principles that bear directly on the concrete life of Christian communities. In this sense, the magisterial text both presupposes and expresses the constitutive bond between pastoral ministry and doctrine.

The letter was prompted by the emergence and growth of the various ecclesial movements that have shaped the ecclesial landscape from the middle of the last century to the present day. The document affirms, quoting St. John Paul II, that the time has come for these new ecclesial realities to reach maturity (IE 2). And this maturity shows itself precisely in the capacity to take their place responsibly in the life and mission of the Church, bringing their own charismatic novelty to bear.

In this article, we take up the central concept that underpins the document’s internal structure: the description of the relationship between hierarchical and charismatic gifts in terms of co-essentiality (IE 9–10).

Hierarchical and Charismatic Gifts

To unpack the ecclesial meaning of this relationship, the document first cites the foundational passages of Lumen Gentium on charisms. Vatican II takes up the question of the relationship between the various gifts in Lumen Gentium both in Chapter I, on the mystery of the Church, and in Chapter II, on the People of God. LG 4 clearly identifies the pairing of "hierarchical and charismatic gifts."

LG 12 explores in greater depth the dynamic of the Spirit, who acts not only in the sacraments but also through the charismatic gifts, so that the Church may always be capable of carrying out her mission in every age and in every historical, cultural, and social circumstance. Both charismatic and hierarchical gifts are recognized as gifts of the Holy Spirit and must therefore stand in harmonious relation. Finally, the text recalls that among the tasks proper to hierarchical gifts is the discernment of the authenticity of charisms and their orderly exercise within ecclesial communion (IE 9).

Co-essentiality: Neither Opposition nor Juxtaposition

The document Iuvenescit Ecclesia sets out to explore the relationship between these gifts in light of co-essentiality, drawing on a pivotal text by St. John Paul II, delivered at the World Congress of Ecclesial Movements and New Communities on May 27, 1998: "On several occasions I have had the opportunity to emphasize that in the Church there is no conflict or opposition between the institutional dimension and the charismatic dimension, of which the Movements are a significant expression. Both are co-essential to the divine constitution of the Church founded by Jesus, because they work together to make present the mystery of Christ and his saving work in the world." The key word for grasping the relationship between charismatic and hierarchical gifts is, therefore, "co-essentiality."

Let us pause for a moment on this expression, which corrects two tendencies the document considers erroneous and misguided. On the one hand, it corrects a vision rooted in opposition, in which charisms and hierarchy—or the institution as such—are pitted against one another. On this reading, charisms would amount to a clear alternative to the institution. We would end up with a contrast between an institutional Church and a charismatic Church. The document flatly rejects this contrast as inauthentic (IE 7).

By the same token, co-essentiality also takes its distance from a merely side-by-side view of the gifts, one stripped of any real interaction. Hierarchical and charismatic gifts—institution and charisms—would simply coexist without any genuine relationship, in a kind of sterile parallelism. Institution and charisms would not be in conflict, but neither would they truly meet: they would never enter into a relationship with one another, each operating autonomously within its own sphere (IE 9–11, 13).

To affirm that hierarchical and charismatic gifts are co-essential means, by contrast, recognizing that they are interwoven: each needs the other to be rightly understood and effectively exercised. As the document puts it, "Their opposition, as well as their juxtaposition, would be a sign of an erroneous or insufficient understanding of the Holy Spirit’s action in the life and mission of the Church" (IE 10).

Co-essentiality and the Divine Constitution of the Church

Returning to the expression introduced by St. John Paul II, we must also reflect on the relationship among co-essentiality, the divine constitution of the Church, and the active presence of the Risen One.

The phrase "divine constitution of the Church" is particularly powerful, because it points to what constitutes the Church as such. It suggests that the Church truly exists, in keeping with Christ’s intentions, when in the life of the People of God we find both hierarchical and charismatic gifts standing in fruitful relation to one another.

In this way, the image of "divine constitution" expands the very idea of the Church’s institution. This line of reflection has been developed in depth in the canonical thought of Klaus Mörsdorf and Eugenio Corecco. The constitution of the Church is not simply its institution; from the outset it carries the charismatic dimension within itself. This makes clear that, while charisms in their concrete historical forms "are never guaranteed forever, the charismatic dimension can never be absent from the life and mission of the Church" (IE 13).

To bring out further the value of co-essentiality, Iuvenescit Ecclesia points to an address by Benedict XVI that highlights the inherent reciprocity of the two dimensions: "In the Church, even the essential institutions are charismatic, and on the other hand, charisms must in one way or another become institutionalized to ensure coherence and continuity. Thus, both dimensions, originating from the same Holy Spirit for the same Body of Christ, work together to make present the mystery and the salvific work of Christ in the world" (cited in IE 10).

As we see, Benedict XVI here picks up the insight of St. John Paul II, for whom both hierarchical/institutional and charismatic gifts work together to make present the mystery of Christ and his saving work, throwing into relief the fundamental bond between Christ, the work of the Spirit, and the Church (IE 11–12).

Benedict XVI insists that the two dimensions can never be treated as two separate compartments, since they are deeply intertwined realities. Co-essentiality requires that hierarchical and charismatic gifts be internally connected. The gifts pertaining to the institution of the Church already carry within themselves a tie to the charismatic dimension; they entail it; they call for the full involvement of the person in the ministry itself. Charisms in turn—especially those that give rise to stable communities among the faithful—require institutionalization, which allows these gifts to endure in history rather than remaining isolated realities.

In short, hierarchical and charismatic gifts are co-essential, and only through their interplay does the mystery of Christ act in history and prove persuasive to the believer’s freedom (IE 14–15).

Co-essentiality and the Believer’s Freedom

Leo XIV recently took up the relationship between the co-essentiality of gifts and the believer’s freedom during a meeting with the moderators of various ecclesial communities. In addition to reaffirming the value of co-essentiality in continuity with his predecessors, he offered a dynamic description: "the ecclesiastical hierarchy and the sacrament of Holy Orders exist so that ‘the objective offering of grace’—bestowed through ‘the sacraments, the normative proclamation of the Word, and pastoral care’—may always remain alive among the faithful (IE 14). Charisms, on the other hand, ‘are freely distributed by the Holy Spirit so that sacramental grace may bear fruit in Christian life in diverse ways and at all its levels’ (IE 15)."

Therefore: "The institution exists so that grace may always be offered; charisms are stirred up so that this grace may be received and bear fruit. Without charisms, there is a risk that the grace of Christ, offered in abundance, will find no fertile ground to receive it! This is why God raises up charisms—to awaken in hearts the desire for an encounter with Christ, the thirst for the divine life He offers us, in a word, grace!" (Address of His Holiness Pope Leo XIV to the moderators of associations of the faithful, ecclesial movements, and new communities, June 6, 2025).

In this way, Leo XIV gets to the heart of the dynamic of co-essentiality, drawing out the connection between grace and the person in his or her freedom and desire. It is not enough for grace to be offered objectively to the faithful: this gift must be recognized, welcomed, allowed to take root, and given back in the form of witness. The Spirit at work in the sacraments is the same Spirit who, in the hearts of believers, enables them to receive God’s gift, drawing freedom itself into the response.

This overcomes the temptation to conceive of God’s gift in the abstract—apart from the freedom of the believer for whom the gift is originally intended; a freedom always situated within particular cultural and social contexts. Charism names that particularization of grace which takes historical circumstance as an ingredient of Christian experience, allowing the Gospel to be lived, proclaimed, and received according to the diversity of situations in which the Church finds itself carrying out its mission.

At the same time, the experience of believers remains anchored in the objectivity of grace as offered in the sacraments, in Scripture, and in the Church’s magisterium, which guards against a subjectivist or inward-turned reduction of Christian experience itself.

In sum, the co-essentiality of hierarchical and charismatic gifts safeguards the fully historical character of the encounter between Christ and every believer, under the action of the Spirit who engages the person’s freedom from within, in his or her deepest desire: to encounter Christ.

Mutual Reference

The document does not stop at laying out the relationship of co-essentiality between charismatic and hierarchical gifts in the Church. It goes on to spell out their pastoral implications, which rest on what it calls "mutual reference" (IE 20).

This means, first of all, that a particular charism shared through a stable form of association is genuinely integrated into the concrete life of a local Church. It follows that the authority of the bishop, endowed with hierarchical gifts, is recognized as an intrinsic element of the charismatic experience present on the ground. Concretely, the members of a given association must ask themselves how, through their charism, they can serve the local Church in its real needs, taking the guidance of its pastor to heart and making themselves available to ecclesial life according to the distinctive features of their own charism.

In the same way, in the pastoral organization of the diocese and in his pastoral ministry, the bishop must take charisms genuinely into account—valuing them, walking alongside them, and correcting them when necessary. In this exercise of co-essentiality, the episcopal ministry plays a decisive role in the true discernment of a charism, so that it may indeed prove a gift of the Spirit for the building up of the Church.

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