Need, Data, Desire

Need, data, desire
Costantino Esposito

Costantino Esposito - Reflecting on the chain of need-consumption-value.

The new driving force of history is no longer labor, but the universal need that generates digital value through every click and ‘like.
— Costantino Esposito

In a programmatic section of his book Digital Communism, Maurizio Ferraris poses a solemn question: “Is a great spiritual and material project capable of restoring hope and well-being where fear and hatred prevail possible?” The answer is “Yes.” However, a shift in our way of thinking is required. The name of this project—or rather, this political proposal, which calls for a genuine conversion of human thought and action on a global scale—is “communism.” It is an ancient name, once glorious as a revolutionary ideal, yet fraught with violence in its historical implementation.

But Ferraris adds a qualifier to that name: “capitalist communism.”

For Marx, the force behind economic and social revolution resided in capital; it was from capital’s contradictions and eventual overthrow that communism would emerge. Today, this idea must be revisited by decoupling communism from revolutionary violence and subjecting it to genuine capitalization. This would involve a fair redistribution of the value humanity produces through its interaction with the digital world. Yet, if the meaning and scope of communism change, so too does the trajectory of the capitalist force—offering an alternative to both liberal and Bolshevik capitalism.

Ferraris also subverts the famous reflection of his mentor, Jacques Derrida. In Specters of Marx (1993, new Italian edition 2025), Derrida pointed to the persistence of Marxian "ghosts" in contemporary society, urging us to heed the disturbing lessons of the thinker from Trier, “despite his communism,” as a “prophecy of justice to come.”

Ferraris, conversely, asserts that while Marx is indeed dead, the communism that many believed would bury him is very much alive. This is true only on one condition: it must no longer be based on labor and production, but on the needs and consumption we fulfill daily through digital devices. These actions generate immense value: the data deposited, collected, and stored every time we use an app or “like” a post on Instagram. By declaring our preferences, we allow commercial platforms to leverage enormous intangible capital, creating significant added value for their businesses. In this view, the new capital is “documedial,” or it is not capital at all.

Consequently, the real engine of human dignity is now a universal need. This need drives consumption and generates documedial value without traditional "merit" (which historically benefited only a few). Such an epochal shift requires a new mythology—a new symbolic-economic order. This serves as a genuine alternative to the narrative that has prevailed for centuries: the concept of human dignity rooted in "creatureliness." Ferraris argues this older model is no longer viable because it exposes us to the devastating fallout of the “death of God.”

Incidentally, this inference isn't entirely convincing; it is as if a person had to deny being their parents' child simply because of the shock of their passing (though that enters the territory of “nihilism”). Returning to Ferraris, it is helpful to understand that, with or without God, humans are needy beings. As such, they deserve and demand respect—especially when, in the realm of media capital, need produces value.

Everything hinges on our definition of “need.” Ferraris interprets it as the driving force behind both material and spiritual consumption. It is a mechanism that resolves itself by dissolving into the consumed object; only through this process can meaning and value be assigned to the world. In other words, the world’s value coincides exactly with our consumption of it. Period. Our needs return indefinitely, driven by a "repetition compulsion," generating an ever-expanding volume of documedial value.

However, our needs can be viewed differently: as evidence of something that cannot be consumed. If reduced to a mere object of consumption, the need is not satisfied—it is pathologically diminished. From this perspective, need cannot be separated from "work"—not just capitalist production, but the labor of searching for meaning. This is a meaning claimed, not just consumed, by the need itself.

In short, need is inherently valuable because it is fueled by an irreducible force: the need for meaning, or the "desire to be." This is not a mere psychological or metaphysical distraction from the technical problem of organizing platforms for global redistribution. Rather, it is an "unsolvable" ontological condition within the need-consumption-value chain—one that ensures human existence does not terminate in a hollow "digital happiness."

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