No Hidden Agenda

Professor Marta Cartabia speaks at a public event, reflecting her work in law, constitutional justice, public responsibility, faith, compromise, and the common good.

Marta Cartabia and Public Responsibility

Compromise is a beautiful word: it means promising together.
— Marta Cartabia
Marta Cartabia No Hidden Agenda

Marta Cartabia - No Hidden Agenda: Faith, Freedom, and the Art of Political Compromise

Speech delivered at the presentation of the Nicolaus Copernicus “Fides et Ratio” Award (Nagroda Mikołaja Kopernika Fides et Ratio), an international prize awarded in the city of Toruń, Poland.

Marta Cartabia is one of Italy's most distinguished jurists — the first woman ever to lead the Italian Constitutional Court — and she has deep, longstanding ties to New York, having served as an inaugural fellow at NYU Law and returned there multiple times as a lecturer and commencement speaker.

Here at epochalchange.org we are proud to publish her speech, transcribed, translated and edited by the editorial team. The translation has not been revised by the author.

Throughout my career, especially since I have held public office, I have been asked quite frequently: “But what does it mean for a Catholic to live out their faith in public life? How do you live out your faith in your work?”

I can understand where that question comes from.

I began my public engagement at the start of the new century, just as the great secularization of the Old World was rising to the surface, at times in rather aggressive forms. One need only recall the tone of the debate over “Europe’s Christian roots”—a theme particularly dear to St. John Paul II—within the broader discussion of the European Constitution. Professor Weiler and Hanna Suchocka are eyewitnesses to that debate and to the intransigent positions of certain leaders.

At the time, Professor Weiler was writing his book—recently republished—on Christian Europe, in which he denounced a widespread “Christianophobia” (now “Christ-amnesia”) and a hostility toward any religious phenomenon, rooted in a misunderstood laïcité, primarily of French origin.

Being Catholic and professing one’s faith in public was a source of embarrassment back then. And Weiler urged us not to be marrani—not to retreat into the private sphere, not to hide.

It is understandable, then, that in such a context one might ask: What does it mean to play a public role as a believer?

But that question concealed an ambiguity. It has always struck me that, depending on who was asking, a second, implicit question lay beneath it:

— If a conservative posed it, what they really meant was: How do you uphold Christian values—above all the protection of life and the family—in such a hostile world? Since I am a lawyer, the real question was: Have you managed to defend our laws on abortion, end-of-life issues, the family, and so on?

— If the person was progressive, the implicit question was: Have you managed to do anything for the vulnerable, the poorest, and above all immigrants—and for the broader causes of social justice and solidarity?

— Then there were the enthusiasts for subsidiarity and the third sector: What have you done to implement the principle of subsidiarity, defend local autonomy, and promote private schools?

— More rarely, the implicit question concerned religious freedom—which seems to me a central issue, and which surfaced above all in the controversies over religious symbols. But there, Professor Weiler shouldered the burden for everyone and set all of Europe straight with a twenty-minute argument before the European Court of Human Rights. Seeing is believing. It is still available on YouTube. An unparalleled lesson.

Let me be clear: the main question—what it means to be a Christian in public today—is more than interesting. But the secondary questions implied by it have always left me perplexed, for two fundamental reasons.

The first: it is as if they rested on the assumption that a Catholic who enters public life must arrive with a predetermined agenda to carry out. Forgive the slightly irreverent comparison, but something similar happens when I am asked: What does it mean to be a woman on the Constitutional Court? What does it mean to be a woman at the Ministry of Justice? The implication is: What have you done for women’s rights? What have you done for the family and minors? What have you done against gender-based violence?

The fact is that when you take on a public commitment, you agree to shoulder the challenges of history—and history questions you on a thousand fronts. To give just a few examples from my own experience, you find yourself having to reduce the time it takes for justice to be served, ensure the separation of politics and the judiciary, rule on an electoral law, decide on vaccination mandates in the midst of a pandemic, make the prison system function, and overhaul the laws on drug trafficking, on the use of assets seized from the mafia, and on the use of technology and artificial intelligence in the judicial system—and so on. Rarely do the issues you face fall within the “Catholic agenda” (or the “women’s agenda”). So what? What does a believer have to say about issues that lie outside the Catholic agenda?

The first thing my public engagement taught me was to let myself be challenged by the questions of history—both within and beyond the Catholic agenda. If it is true—and it is—that the heart of Christianity is the Incarnation within human history, then everything belonging to the history of humanity challenges and concerns us. “Homo sum, humani nihil a me alienum puto”—“Nothing human is alien to me,” as Terence said.

Indeed, perhaps the most interesting questions are precisely those for which you have no ready-made answer to fall back on. The most beautiful and rewarding adventure is the one born of new challenges that demand a creative response—uncharted territory, a bit like Pope Leo’s encyclical Magnifica Humanitas, which opens a reflection on the problems of our time: peace and war, and above all artificial intelligence.

The second reason these implicit questions mislead is that they imply that faith—and the Church’s social doctrine—is a “handbook of precepts,” ready to be applied, and that the task of a woman of faith in politics is to implement those precepts. This perspective is both unrealistic and undesirable.

Unrealistic, because we have to face the fact that in today’s society we are a minority. And when you hold public office, you must reckon with the “limits of what is possible.” On the Constitutional Court, I had to reach decisions alongside fourteen other judges and make arguments that were convincing and acceptable to all of them. In government it was more complex still, because I served in a government of national unity, backed by both the far right and the far left; to get reforms approved, I had to win over every side—otherwise they would not have voted for them in parliament.

But the prospect of imposing one’s own preconceived solutions, even if it were possible, would still not be desirable—because it would fail to honor the necessary “distinction between the ecclesial community and the political community” and the “autonomy of earthly affairs,” set out as early as the Second Vatican Council and firmly and extensively reaffirmed in the latest encyclical (Magnifica Humanitas, paras. 21–24). Social doctrine, as Pope Leo says, is not “a repertoire of technical solutions,” nor “an economic or political model” that replaces the political responsibility of individuals and institutions.

In my public service, I have come to love and appreciate the distinction between the City of God and the City of Man—and the inevitable imperfection of human laws. The great Catholic statesmen who founded the Italian Republic understood this clearly.

I have always been struck by Alcide De Gasperi’s decision not to bow to the demands of the Church hierarchy of the day, which pressed to write the principle of the indissolubility of marriage into the new Republican Constitution. If ever there was a man of authentic faith and loyal devotion to the Church, it was De Gasperi. If ever there was a man who believed deeply in the value of marriage, it was De Gasperi. Yet De Gasperi abhorred—as he writes in the letters to his wife from captivity—the idea of imposing by force of law what must instead be offered to the free consent of the person. His love of freedom shines through poetically in every line he writes to his beloved wife.

Years ago, I found it liberating to hear the words of Pope Benedict XVI—always careful, in his political speeches (well worth rediscovering), to distinguish between the work of man and the work of God, and to extol the value of compromise in human affairs. Speaking of the responsibility of believers in politics, he says:

“Moralism that seeks to accomplish God’s work on its own is not moral. What is moral, however, is the loyalty that accepts human measures and, within those measures, carries out the work of man. It is not the absence of all compromise, but compromise itself that is the true morality of political activity.”

On compromise, Amos Oz says in his Tübingen Lecture: “In my world, the word compromise is synonymous with life. And where there is life, there are compromises. The opposite of compromise is not integrity, nor idealism, nor even determination or devotion. The opposite of compromise is fanaticism, death.”

Compromise is a beautiful word: it means promising together. It presupposes listening to the other, opening one’s mind and heart. And often—believe me—I have watched innovative, creative solutions sprout precisely from the necessity of proceeding by compromise. The openness to gather the fragments of truth that emerge from listening to the other is generative: it sparks new solutions and moves history forward. The refusal to compromise denies the very existence of the other; it is a form of violence, and it tends to destroy.

In the field of justice—the arena of my daily work—intransigence, rigidity, and maximalism end up negating the very thing they claim to serve. “Let justice be done, though the world perish,” the Romans used to say. But is the destruction of the world really what we mean to achieve through our “administration of justice”? “Without the prospect of a beyond, justice is impossible,” writes Fr. Luigi Giussani in The Religious Sense.

To accept that human affairs are always marked by imperfection—by a crack, by a wound, by the magnificent and wounded humanity of which Leo XIV speaks in his encyclical—is not to settle for mediocrity. It is to act in full awareness of one’s own limits, of the limits of circumstances, and of the inescapable need for a further step.

The awareness of the imperfection of the City of Man calls for constant reconstruction—a continual adaptation to changing circumstances, a continual regeneration of the work already accomplished—much as Nehemiah rebuilds the walls of Jerusalem in the image with which Pope Leo describes the Christian’s presence in history:

“After the Babylonian exile, a portion of the people returned to Jerusalem, but the city lay in ruins, its walls had collapsed, and its gates were burned. Nehemiah, a Jew in the service of the Persian king Artaxerxes, received news of the disastrous state of the city of his fathers. Before taking action, he fasts, prays, and intercedes for the people; then he asks the king for permission to return to Jerusalem, and upon arriving, he silently surveys the destroyed sites. He does not impose solutions from above. He summons the families, entrusts each with a section of wall to rebuild, listens to their fears, coordinates their efforts, and confronts opposition. The story shows how the city is reborn not through the initiative of a single person, but through the shared responsibility of the entire people: priests, artisans, heads of households, women, and young people. It is a work that places God at the center and rebuilds bonds even before the stones. Ancient Jerusalem thus rediscovers a common language, not that of uniformity, but that of communion: the harmony that arises when everyone takes on their own part and the entire people recognize that their strength comes from the Lord” (par. 8, Magnifica Humanitas).

This evocative image of the great rebuilding needs no commentary—least of all in a time like ours, marked by destruction, as in Babylon.

Allow me to close with one final passage. What lets us accept an imperfect solution—a compromise we know full well falls short of our ideals? It is the awareness that our task is not to pronounce the final word on human history, that none of us is the master of history.

Let me put it in the words of St. Ambrose, patron of my city, the great bishop of Milan—an important official and governor of the Roman Empire, who knew well the dynamics of power and its effects on the human heart: “Quam multos dominos habet qui unum refugerit!”—“How many masters has the one who has fled the one Lord!”

To enter public life with a predetermined agenda is to hand oneself over to an idol. To enter it knowing that none of us is master of history brings freedom—freedom from one’s own successes, from the constraints of power, from the triumph of one’s own projects, even from one’s own ideals, which so often reach us filtered through partial and subjective images. Being a believer in the public square does not mean imposing “a Catholic agenda” on everyone.

The finest compliment I received, at the end of an exhausting mediation—one needed to push through certain indispensable reforms of the Italian justice system—came from political figures who, faced with yet another “compromise” on the floor of the chamber, exclaimed: “Honestly, Minister Cartabia, you have no hidden agenda—you only want to do what is good for the country!”

Free of our own plans—free to heed the promptings of history.

“The Christian carries a life within his own life, walks among men with a secret in his heart. He leaves it, he finds it again. And he meets many men who belong to this life, even if they do not recognize themselves in the Christian name” (Emmanuel Mounier, 1933).

Fernando De Haro

Fernando de Haro is a Spanish journalist, academic, and radio director at COPE. With degrees in journalism, law, and a PhD in information science, he's known for documentaries on Christian persecution. De Haro explores religion's role in society through his media work and publications, including a book on Don Giussani's life.

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