The Tender Gaze of Cervantes

Black-and-white silhouette of a Don Quixote weathervane showing the knight, Sancho Panza and a windmill, on top of a pagoda-style roof against a bright sky.

Don Quixote Weathervane in Silhouette. Tilting at windmills: a Don Quixote weathervane on a rooftop, framed against the evening sky.

“Only a compassionate gaze can hold these two levels together; a divided gaze either condemns or idealizes.”
— Guadalupe Arbona
Guadalupe Arbona The Tender Gaze of Cervantes

Guadalupe Arbona - Why does Cervantes’s mad knight still unsettle us? When the knight’s gaze restores two women’s names and dignity.

Don Quixote: A Look at Humanity is the first installment in a series of articles on the celebrated Spanish novel The Ingenious Gentleman Don Quixote of La Mancha. In subsequent installments, Guadalupe Arbona will present a selection of episodes. These articles offer an interpretation of the tender yet powerful perspective through which Miguel de Cervantes creates his character, Don Quixote de la Mancha.

In my various readings of the most famous novel in Spanish literature, The Ingenious Gentleman Don Quixote of La Mancha, I have laughed and cried, I have learned and I have grown angry, but I have never been able to detach myself from the character who has kept me questioning for years. And he continues to do so. He is a sane madman, a nobleman who loses his mind reading chivalric novels and who, believing himself to be one of their protagonists, tries to mold himself after the stories he has read. What is it about the protagonist, Don Quixote de la Mancha? Why do I return to him, seeking to discover something more in each of his adventures, encounters, battles, and conversations? Going back to the source, to his creator, I ask myself: Why does Cervantes make us navigate the wisdom and folly of Don Quixote? Does he want to show us something hidden within them? If that weren’t the case, the work would be reduced to mere farce. But that is not so: the novel springs from a gentle yet powerful gaze upon the human condition.

My reading is one of the latest in a long line of readers, because ever since Don Quixote took on a life of his own, all of us who encounter him seek to understand who he is and why he challenges us. The first to do so were those who witnessed this explosion of life that the character embodies on the very fringes of fiction. From the novel’s very first pages, those around him reveal something about themselves every time they speak of him. His absurd yet tender presence lays bare their hearts. The characters reveal their true selves in the presence of Don Quixote. The reactions vary: the nobleman’s niece and housekeeper try to ensure he is content with an orderly life; his friends—the priest and the barber—want him to return home and stop acting foolishly; Sancho accompanies him on his adventures and goes from doing so for the sake of rewards to cherishing him more than the “fibers of his heart.”

These are the first, but throughout the work each encounter elicits different reactions: the innkeeper hopes to profit; the prostitutes at the inn feel honored; the goatherds are in awe; the dukes devise all sorts of pranks to mock him; the shepherdess Marcela feels understood; Lorenzo, the poet, is grateful; Antonio Moreno, in Barcelona, puts his intelligence to the test; lovers confide their affairs to him; the wretched hope he will set them free; those attacked by his madness beat him up, and so on. And while the characters who react to him are many—yet countable—the interpretations by readers and critics are innumerable: from F. Dostoevsky to Paul Auster, from L. Pirandello to Miguel de Unamuno, from J.L. Borges to M. Vargas Llosa, from J. Jiménez Lozano to H. Bloom, from L. Sciascia to Américo Castro, and a very long list of others.

I do not intend to comment on the many fascinating interpretations; what has led me to write these pages is my interest in the perspective from which Don Quixote emerges. I believe that exploring how the author of Don Quixote creates and presents his character offers an interesting perspective. Miguel de Cervantes traveled extensively, fought in the Battle of Lepanto, spent five years in an Algerian prison, and experienced financial hardship, accusations, and duels—all of which allowed him to gain insight into the human condition under the most diverse circumstances. His attention to what he lived through and witnessed led him to create a character so flesh-and-blood and authentic that he has become one of the most compelling figures in the history of literature. He is also the subject of the most varied interpretations, a fact that demonstrates his inexhaustible richness. Faced with Don Quixote, we readers ask ourselves:

A preposterous and beautiful character

And the challenge I face is to address Miguel de Cervantes’ creative audacity in bringing to life a character who is terribly preposterous and, at the same time, enormously beautiful. The question I pose to myself seeks to uncover what allows these open layers of the Quixotic figure to persist throughout the reading of the novel. How are these two layers reconciled? At times I’d like to be able to pigeonhole the character based on his madness and failure, but that would reduce him; I’d like to highlight his good intentions to love and do good, but that would reduce him as well. This shows that Cervantes does not allow us to reduce him either to his follies or to the idea he has of himself. We can get angry at such an unyielding character or try to see what he says about us. Cervantes does not give in; he embraces that incomplete nature and does so prodigiously, inserting masterstrokes into the cracks of Quixotic madness. These masterstrokes appear in his conscience and find expression in his dialogues.

And the challenge I face is that of paying attention to Miguel de Cervantes’ creative audacity in bringing to life a character who is both terribly absurd and, at the same time, immensely beautiful.

It is not my intention to explain Cervantes’ psychology—which, like that of any artist, is complex—but I will try to understand what he focuses on in order to grasp the result: that is, the adventures of Don Quixote. Cervantes presents us with a real man, a creature who sets out in search of a grand life and, confused by the fanciful tales in his head, commits many follies. At the same time, he is a simple and good man who seeks nothing more than “to defend maidens, protect widows, and aid orphans and the needy” (I, XI). What drives him from within is beautiful, but he fails to realize the difference between what he wants to achieve and the concrete situation in which he lives. To make what’s in his head a reality, he supplants what exists around him.

This imaginary replacement does not negate his humanity. On the contrary, in the novel his ridiculous follies open up spaces for his self-awareness—that uninterrupted stream of life that sustains him and emerges amid the nonsense. Cervantes’ genius lies in portraying this character with tenderness; that is, he does not condemn his excesses but rather reveals his humanity to us through them. He does not attempt to resolve this difficult combination; he leans neither toward the sarcasm that a madman might provoke nor toward pity for the naivety of a gullible person. Don Quixote is ridiculous, and the portrayal of his absurd deeds makes us laugh; yet he is wise because, after every failure, he offers a counterpoint that transports the reader to a realm that goes beyond mere nonsense. All of this is done in an immersive way because, through the harmony of these two elements, Cervantes manages to make us feel the Quixote within all of us—that is, what makes us human. And we laugh along with him because he manages to reconcile us with ourselves. Let me give a simple example: when he arrives at the roadside inn on his first outing, he treats the prostitutes like ladies. Is this nonsense? It is, but that perspective leaves the aftertaste of someone who sees beyond these women’s “profession.” They feel well treated, and the intelligent reader knows that Don Quixote sees more clearly than those who reduce these women to their occupation.

Only a compassionate gaze can bring people together; conversely, a divisive one either condemns or idealizes. The character himself, by revealing his self-awareness, embodies the tender gaze shared by his Creator. I’ll give two examples from the novel. They are two conversations with Sancho. After a series of adventures in which the characters have come out badly battered, Sancho tells Don Quixote that what they have endured are not chivalric adventures but rather misadventures; Don Quixote replies, with complete confidence, “But, despite all this, get on your donkey, good Sancho, and follow me, for God, who provides for all things, will not forsake us—especially since we are walking in His service as we do.

For He does not forsake the mosquitoes in the air, nor the little worms in the earth, nor the tadpoles in the water; and He is so merciful that He causes His sun to rise on the good and the bad alike, and sends rain upon the unjust and the just” I, XVIII. The message is clear: in any situation, a person is never without the providential guidance that allows them to start anew—just as the two friends will do. And on another occasion when Sancho doubts his ability to live up to what will be asked of him as the ruler of the island, Quixote replies: “Entrust it to God, Sancho,” replied Don Quixote, “for He will grant what is best for you; but do not let your spirit falter so much that you end up settling for less than being a governor” I, VII. Don Quixote is well aware that a person’s aspirations arise from the one who knows them well. In other words, the character himself knows that the unity between his ridiculousness and his aspirations is not something he can resolve on his own. There is a gaze that precedes him and makes him aware of his worth beyond his successes and failures; at the same time, it values the grandeur of his spirit’s aspirations. It is this gaze that reconciles the two levels that make up Don Quixote and serves as the mysterious “glue” that Cervantes uses to create his character—that is, by placing his structural disproportion under the gaze of an Other who moves him from within, despite his outlandish adventures.

Don Quixote’s ridiculous absurdities open up spaces for his self-awareness—that uninterrupted current of life that sustains him and emerges amid the nonsense.

Miguel de Cervantes was a voracious reader; he knew the literature of his time well and, within it, found the various ways of viewing oneself. He was familiar with the ways of narrating the human condition. He was a true Renaissance man. He draws on that humanist impetus that seeks to discover what is unique to man. As a true Renaissance man, he is steeped in the literature of classical heroes—battered by the gods yet submitting to fate with magnanimity; he is also familiar with the hagiographies dedicated to medieval saints, who fought for the divine without ever faltering. Cervantes is a Christian humanist—I do not say this merely as a label under which to pigeonhole the writer. He is a humanist because he views humanity exactly as it lives and expresses itself in all its facets, without fear of any of them; and he is a Christian insofar as his conscience is rooted in dependence on a “merciful” God, “who causes his sun to rise on the good and the evil, and sends rain on the unjust and the just” (I, XVIII). He is both at once: he dares to look human folly squarely in the face and, at the same time, sees it transfigured by the experience of knowing himself to be a child of a God who, when looking upon His creature, does not condemn him but holds him in infinite esteem. If this were not so, it would be impossible to bring into being, as Cervantes does, a character like Don Quixote.

A Tender Gaze

Cervantes creates something new by looking squarely at this humanity—wounded by madness yet pierced by sanity. That is why he does not conform to earlier models. He does not create a character who must suffer and accept whatever the gods have in store for him, nor a figure who must hide his fragility because it seems opposed to the divine. Quite the contrary: the disproportion lies at the very origin of the character; it is part of his structure and, for that very reason, cries out from his very core for mercy. If Don Quixote relentlessly strives to submit himself to a preposterous idea to which he devotes all his faith, energy, and entire life—without being aware of its mad intent—Cervantes strives with even greater energy to ensure that his character, from the very depths of his folly, reveals the evidence of his worth as a person. Don Quixote is valuable, in Cervantes’ eyes, in what he offers of himself through his fragility. Cervantes never ceases to view him with the grandeur of one who values everything that stirs within a person and discovers, in his structural disproportion, a possibility of reconciliation with that which makes him human. It is a tender gaze, akin to that of a father who sees his son’s follies and rejoices at every discovery of truth amid the fantasies to which his son subjects his life.

And I know I am repeating myself in my insistence: he is like the father who, knowing well the dynamics that drive human nature—the longing for adventure, for fame, for a lady’s love—lets him continue in his attempts to achieve them; he does not stop him in his follies, but rather celebrates the glimpses of grace he finds in his son. Thus, the figure of Don Quixote emerges not from a preconceived idea or from rigidity, but from a compassion akin to that of a father. How far we are from that view of the creator as a distant god who looks down on his characters from on high as if they were insects or grotesque creatures—as Valle Inclán would say centuries later! Cervantes’s perspective, aware of his character’s fragility, brings him to life just as he is—conscious of his limitations and powerlessness; and that is what makes the character a man. Not a grotesque figure, nor a puppet manipulated by who knows whom, nor a hero resigned to fate, nor is he a compendium of virtues.

If Don Quixote relentlessly insists on submitting himself to a preposterous idea, Cervantes strives with even greater energy to ensure that his character, from the very depths of his folly, reveals the evidence of his worth as a person.

From this highly realistic perspective, Cervantes demonstrates his keen cultural intelligence when engaging with other literary genres of his time. In other words, the novel systematically examines—with the fluidity of Cervantes’s pen—the various conceptions of humanity that shine through in the stories of that era. Cervantes puts to the test the dynamics that fuel the narratives of the era—that is, those stories later grouped into what critics call literary genres. These genres are grounded in a perspective on humanity that finds the most appropriate form of expression to transform it into literature. Cervantes, fundamentally and first and foremost, criticizes chivalric novels, which he has read to excess; he knows them to be full of historical absurdities, magical elements, and confusing and fabricated settings and time periods. He is also familiar with the idealization of the protagonists of bucolic life who pretend to be happy or unhappy in the pastoral novel. And, of course, he has become familiar with the degradation of the protagonists in picaresque novels—novels in which the heroes are at the mercy of the worst circumstances.

He is well acquainted with the sentimental novel, in which lovers inevitably die of love or suffer from unrequited love. Or they are familiar with the Morisco novel, which idealized relations between Moriscos and Christians on the Iberian Peninsula and in North Africa. Building on these forms, Cervantes creates something new. Fully aware of the dynamics of the genres in vogue at the time and the perspective on humanity they embody, he reworks them and incorporates them into his great novel, but he does not allow himself to be carried away by the idealization of unattainable ways of life (pastoral Arcadias), nor by the degradation of impossible models (chivalric novels), nor by stories of characters defined by poverty and injustice (picaresque novels); his work is full of stories of unrequited love or impossible romances (models of courtly love). He takes all these cultural references into account, weaves through them, and creates something new. Cervantes breaks the mold because his view of humanity goes beyond any model or simplification—above all, beyond those two reductive poles: idealization versus degradation.

No, Don Quixote is not predictable. He is a figure who cannot be reduced to formulas or theories. His appeal lies in that very indomitability. Cervantes is well aware of the follies a man can commit when he has an idea in his head to which he subordinates everything. From giving himself a name to create an identity—Don Quixote de la Mancha—to equipping himself with armor and a horse—the former rusty, the latter emaciated—to imagining a beloved—the Dulcinea of his imagination is not a beautiful lady, but a coarse farmwoman. Furthermore, he sets himself a mission—to aid orphans and the needy—even though he often makes the plight of those he seeks to help even worse; he seeks fame and glory through his adventures, even though in most of them he ends up battered and bruised. These outlandish ideas, to which he returns time and again, are part of his human journey. But that absurdity does not define Don Quixote unless he were also imbued with a persistent yearning for a beauty that drives him tenaciously from within: he wants his life, his beloved, and his adventures to be beautiful and to leave a mark. Herein lies Don Quixote’s indomitable spirit: no matter how much we might be tempted to focus on his absurdity, we cannot reduce him to that alone; and if, on the other hand, we wish to idealize his adventures, we cannot do that either.

Ridiculousness and Grace

Don Quixote is conceived as a dramatic character who, madly aspiring to the good, fails to realize his ideal. His secret lies in this combination of the two levels. Don Quixote offers us a stubborn testament to the nature of the human being—created from an infinite magnanimity and a freedom that allows for the greatest absurdities. Von Balthasar understands this dramatic tension, which, for my part, I experience as a form of reconciliation with my own nature. Often, when I feel my fragility, my failure, my inability to understand or see things for what they are—and not for what I have in my head—I return to the figure of Don Quixote and smile to myself. Where is the beauty of my nature? In glimpsing something else that comes to my aid. The theologian puts it this way: “There is a clear coordination between the lower and higher planes: the former is involuntarily ridiculous and farcical; in the latter, the light of grace shines.” None of his attempts—nor any of his successes or failures—annihilates grace. Moreover, grace shines through his attempts and in the way he faces both failures and successes. That is why, as the German scholar goes on to say, “Don Quixote is like a child playing at something very serious and who, precisely for that reason, cannot be deceived by the reality of the world” (Gloria: A Theological Aesthetics, 1996, 161 ff.). His personal seriousness in the pursuit of his chivalric glory will prevent him from succumbing to the deceptions and tricks of others, allowing him at times to glimpse his true merit: that of his relationship with the Creator.

Cervantes breaks the mold because his view of humanity goes beyond any model. Don Quixote is a figure who cannot be reduced to formulas and theories. His appeal lies in that very irreducibility.

On the other hand, Miguel de Cervantes not only creates Don Quixote but also seems to learn from him. First, because he is aware that his own character, too, shares in a wisdom that does not belong to him. Cervantes does not feel he owns his work. He states this in the prologue: “…but I, who, though I appear to be the father, am Don Quixote’s stepfather, do not wish to follow custom, nor to beg you—almost with tears in my eyes, as others do, dear reader—to forgive or overlook the flaws you will see in this son of mine…”. He acknowledges himself only as a stepfather or a half-father. In this way, he leaves room for a perspective that precedes him, recognizing that his voice is an echo. In fact, he devises various ways to indicate that his character and his work are not his own, but rather a discovery and a treasure found. And he makes this clear in Chapter IX of Part One, where the narrator says he found some notebooks in the Alcaná of Toledo written in Aljamiado and hired a Morisco to translate them for him, driven by curiosity and wonder at the story. By referring to the discovered manuscript, he further demonstrates that he is not the owner of his work. This distance—which could be interpreted in many different ways, such as false humility, a way to win over readers, or mere rhetoric—can also be interpreted as the certainty that the work is a gift and, as such, is offered to the reader. It is this experience that I believe every writer undergoes—that is, the surprise at the stories and characters that, created with human words, surpass all expectations. Thanks to this Cervantes-like awareness, we can witness firsthand how Don Quixote gradually gains depth and intelligence as the story unfolds. At the same time, it is part of his perspective on humanity to let the character speak for himself.

The Question of the Name

I’ll give an example that illustrates this Cervantes-like attempt to let the character speak for himself—to name himself, define himself, make mistakes, and search for himself. It concerns the question of the name. Who Don Quixote is remains an open question from the very first pages of the novel and stays open until the end. The nobleman Alonso Quijano, nicknamed “the Good,” wants to forge a new identity for himself, immersing himself in the novels of chivalry: “He spent his nights reading from dawn to dawn, and his days from dusk to dusk” (I,1)—that is, thinking of nothing else day and night. It takes him eight days to come up with the name he wants for himself. Finally, he finds it: he will be called Don Quixote de la Mancha, thus continuing and embodying the models from the novels he has read. After choosing his name, he is determined to reaffirm it; thus, every time he completes an adventure, he demands to be named the author of the feat and to be recognized with fame and glory; he repeats his request that his story and the name of its creator be taken to his beloved Dulcinea del Toboso so she may hear of it. So comical is his attempt to define himself that he repeats “I know who I am” with a confidence that makes people laugh because, far from knowing it, he subjects his self to various characters he has read about. He identifies with Amadis of Gaul, or with Ariosto’s Orlando, or with Lanzarote del Lago, with Palmerin of England, and a very long list of others. All of them are heroes he has read about in the popular novels of the time, which, far from revealing his identity, lead him to adopt a ridiculous way of life.

Later on, he will also call himself the Knight of the Sad Countenance or the Knight of the Lions. These last two epithets originate in the mind of a seeker and, at the same time, arise from the adventures he has experienced. The first occurred after he was pelted with stones for having gone against a funeral procession. Sancho witnesses his master’s defeat and tells him that his figure is sad, and Don Quixote decides to adopt it as his name. In contrast to this name, in Chapter XVII of Part Two, he confronts a caged lion, a gift for the king. Don Quixote faces the beast, and it is intimidated; for this reason, he decides to change his name to the Knight of the Lions, hoping that his feat and heroism will reach the king’s ears. There is also something very interesting about these two epithets: not only do they stem from two real-life adventures, but we also see his character emerge—whether through his success with the lions or through his failure, marked by the sad traces left on him by his successive misadventures.

And so we reach the end: back in his village and ill, it will be Sancho who tries to revive his master by giving him a new name—the shepherd Quijotiz—and encouraging him to embark on a pastoral adventure. The squire believes that this will restore his master’s spirits; however, the many adventures and the many names have shown him something that Sancho himself says about his master: “…welcome back your son Don Quixote, who, though defeated by the arms of others, has triumphed over himself; for, as he has told me, this is the greatest victory one could hope for” (Part II, Chapter LXXII). Cervantes, the “stepfather” of Don Quixote, lays bare the many forms of identity to which Don Quixote resorts, and upon reaching this final remark by Sancho, a new possibility opens up—one that remains unresolved for us—namely, the question of what it means to be a conqueror of oneself. Cervantes does not close it; rather, he confronts readers with the absurdity of knowing oneself when one adapts to so many others. And when Don Quixote proclaims himself to be greater than “the twelve Peers of France and the nine of Fame” (Book I, Chapter V), or says of himself, “I am worth a hundred” (Book I, Chapter XV), we wonder whether those twelve, that hundred, those nine, or those numerous knights to whom he turns in order to be himself have been enough for him to consider himself a conqueror of himself. Who is Don Quixote? Is he each and every one of his fabrications, or something more? Cervantes serves up on a silver platter to us, today’s readers, the task of examining the self.

Cervantes’s genius points to this very question—that is, to the inquiry into the human being.

The 160 chapters of the novel—divided into 52 in the first part and 74 in the second—are an invitation to savor this creative perspective of Cervantes. In this vein, I propose a reading of a selection of episodes in which this view of humanity is grounded in Quixotic absurdity and wit. Following on from this introduction, I will present my interpretation of various episodes, adventures, or characters from Don Quixote that allow us to appreciate this perspective.

In this second installment of Don Quixote: A Perspective on Humanity, we examine Don Quixote’s departure from home and his first adventure. It involves an encounter with two prostitutes, then referred to as “women of ill repute.” The character goes to rest at an inn that he believes to be a castle. From there, he emerges as a knighted knight: the nocturnal ceremony of his investiture is described in a parodic manner. The young women who knight him are two prostitutes—Tolosa and Molinera—on whom he sets his sights. Attentive and passionate, Don Quixote finds them beautiful and charming.
The novel’s second chapter recounts Don Quixote’s first departure from home to fulfill his dream. Armed and mounted on his horse Rocinante, he sets out before dawn on a hot July day. He seeks adventures that will make him famous for his deeds and exploits. As is repeated tirelessly throughout the novel, his mission is “to defend maidens, protect widows, and aid orphans and the needy” (I, XI). He does so by entrusting himself to his beloved, Dulcinea del Toboso. He sets out “with the greatest joy and elation at seeing how easily he had begun to fulfill his noble purpose” (I, II). With his head full of chivalric dreams and fantasies, he spends the day, and the narrator tells us that his madness has not abated, “and the sun was setting so quickly and with such intensity that it would have been enough to melt his brains, if he had any” (I, II).

But as evening falls, melancholy sets in: “He walked almost the entire day without anything worth mentioning happening to him” (I, II). We can imagine how the fervor of an impetuous Quixote has gradually faded over the course of the day, and it is easy to relate to the experience of a day when one has dreamed of remarkable events that never came to pass. There is nothing to say when nothing has happened. That is why, after wandering and daydreaming through La Mancha, “at dusk, he and his nag found themselves tired and starving, and, looking in all directions to see if he might spot a castle or a shepherd’s fold where he could take shelter and where he might alleviate his great hunger and need” (I, II). And indeed, as if by providence, his hunger and need find refuge.

Don Quixote finds a shabby inn, a roguish innkeeper, some local women of ill repute, and a meager supper. There he finds solace, and to what he sees, he adds his madness: he believes the inn to be a castle “with its four towers and spires of gleaming silver”; he sees the deceitful innkeeper as an honorable knight of the castle; the prostitutes seem to him like beautiful ladies, and the miserable supper, a banquet. All of this is accompanied by the blare of a swineherd blowing his horn to gather the herd, which Don Quixote mistakes for a trumpet celebrating his arrival at the castle. The contrast between what the narrator tells us and what Don Quixote imagines is utterly ridiculous. In just a few paragraphs, we’ve gone from fervor to exhaustion and from weakness to a distortion of what lies before him. Every time I read it, I find myself smiling. I feel Don Quixote’s absurdity, and at the same time, I’m struck by the melancholy that shines through in this character who can never be satisfied with his visions. Already in this second chapter, it becomes clear that the root of Cervantes’ humor lies in the melancholy of his character.

But by the end of the day, the melancholy emerges: “He walked almost the entire day without anything worth mentioning happening to him” (I, II).

Melancholy is the threshold to this adventure because it takes us into another realm. This Quixotic sentiment is far-reaching and does not seem to be appeased by his imaginings. Amid the blunders and absurdities, we will find the greatest of delights: Don Quixote’s gaze upon the two young women of ill repute. This will be the hallmark of his first adventure. Let’s see how it is told.

Don Quixote sees two prostitutes at the door of the inn: “There were perhaps two young women at the door—of the sort they call ‘women of the trade’—who were on their way to Seville with some muleteers who happened to be spending the night at the inn.” It is the narrator’s voice—always discreet—that tells us what the prostitutes were called: “women of the trade.” But to Don Quixote, they are “two beautiful maidens or two charming ladies who were enjoying themselves in front of the inn’s doorway.” Naturally, upon seeing the armed Don Quixote, the young women are frightened and try to take refuge inside the inn. The young women’s attempt to flee gives Don Quixote the opportunity to describe what he sees in them; his perception is not merely internal, but he expresses it aloud and in front of everyone—he does not intend to harm them: “Fear no misfortune.” On the contrary, he tells them “with a gentle demeanor and a calm voice” not to flee, for what he sees are “tall maidens,” just as “their very presence shows.”

There is no description of their figures, but we are already beginning to discover that Don Quixote, in his madness, sees what others do not. That said, he says it in such archaic language that they sense the strangeness of the words Don Quixote uses. At the same time, they initially do not recognize themselves in a designation “so far removed from their profession.” They do not see themselves as maidens traveling here and there with the muleteers who are calling out to them. That is why they burst out laughing. They cannot believe Don Quixote’s view of them. This angers Don Quixote, who, though he considers them beautiful and dignified, does not think such uncontrolled laughter befits ladies. That is why he dares to take it a step further: he places himself at their service. He says, once again in conversation with them, that his intention is to serve them.

Don Quixote is a madman, but his madness has a radiance of unconscious and involuntary sanctity. He is the defenseless man, open to the heavens, embodying realistic transcendence.

And the story doesn’t end here; it continues because it is the young women who help him take off his armor and then eat while still wearing his helmet. Once again we return to the absurdity of a character who cannot eat normally and, after being disarmed, presents a comical sight: “But it was a source of great laughter to see him eat, because, since he had his helmet on and the visor raised, he could not put anything in his mouth with his hands unless someone else gave it to him and placed it there; and so, one of those ladies attended to this task. But when it came to giving him a drink, it was impossible—and would have remained so had the innkeeper not pierced a reed; he placed one end in Don Quixote’s mouth and poured the wine through the other end.” Don Quixote, as we noted in the introduction, is like a child at play—but one who takes it very seriously: a knight, even when hungry, cannot remove any part of his armor. Furthermore, we see in this passage that the narrator has begun to adopt Don Quixote’s perspective, for he no longer refers to the prostitutes as “young women” but as “ladies.”

And this perspective will continue to develop throughout the episode. Grateful for having been disarmed by the young women, he decides to dedicate a poem to them, recited with great charm:

“Never was a knight of ladies so well served as Don Quixote was when he came from his village: maidens tended to him; princesses, to his nag.”
Grateful, though puzzled and bewildered by the words and rhetoric of chivalry, they offer him what they have—that is, something to eat. One can appreciate the shift in linguistic register used by the young women compared to Don Quixote’s pompous style, but there is something that has already brought them together despite their differences, as seen in the narrator’s commentary: “The young women, who were not accustomed to hearing such rhetoric, did not say a word; they only asked him if he wanted to eat something.” They have heard that there is someone who considers them worthy. Don Quixote introduces himself, says he wants to serve them, and that he is willing to take orders from them. How must these young women have felt upon hearing these things? They have stopped laughing; they are no longer afraid. There are things they do not understand, but they are willing to help Don Quixote.

The “young women of good family” gradually take center stage; as Don Quixote looks at them, addresses them, urges them not to laugh, not to flee, and to be of good cheer—but above all, he treats them as beautiful maidens.

In fact, in the following chapter—the third—they participate in his knighting ceremony. Following the ancient rites of the order of chivalry, one of them fastens his sword, and the other fits his spur. All this is done with a dignity that neither the innkeeper nor the muleteers display. The young women gradually take center stage as Don Quixote looks at them, addresses them, urges them not to laugh, not to run away, and to remain good-natured—but above all, he treats them as beautiful maidens.

We have felt their fear, their laughter, their gestures, their surprise, and their admiration for Don Quixote, but until the moment they receive the knighthood, we do not hear their words. It is one of them who, as she fastens his sword, says to him, “May God make you a most fortunate knight and grant you success in battle.” And upon hearing these words, Don Quixote asks her who she is. We can imagine the surprise of the young woman, who was most likely accustomed to favors that didn’t require knowing who he was or where he came from—it was enough simply to enjoy her company.

But this young woman responds, and she does so in detail and with pride. It is natural that she should feel heard by Don Quixote, who thanks her for her gesture (“a favor received”) and who is willing to share with her whatever he earns in his adventures: “She replied with great humility that her name was La Tolosa, and that she was the daughter of a cobbler from Toledo, who lived near Sancho Bienaya’s stalls, and that wherever she might be, she would serve him and regard him as her lord.” Don Quixote replied that, for her love’s sake, she should do him the favor of henceforth taking the title “Don” and calling herself “Doña Tolosa.” She promised to do so. In the seriousness with which La Tolosa—now Doña Tolosa—responds to Don Quixote, one can see that something has changed in her. Don Quixote, though ridiculous, sees the dignity in these women and takes them seriously.

He does the same with the second woman: “The other one put a spur on his foot, and he had almost the same conversation with her as he had with the one with the sword. He asked her name, and she said she was called La Molinera and that she was the daughter of an honorable miller from Antequera; to her as well, Don Quixote begged that she take the title “Doña” and call herself “Doña Molinera,” offering her further services and favors.”

Isabel Colón rightly points out that the two prostitutes become “two young women with names, not two anonymous figures,” and Carmen Castro discusses the process that marks the transformation of these two young women: “A lived experience brings out their distinction and humility from within,” and I would add that it brings their dignity to the forefront (El Quijote en clave de mujer/es, 2005). In any case, the two critics agree that Don Quixote’s gaze brings out the best in them.

It does not seem far-fetched to recall another encounter with a woman. It is the Gospel episode that recounts the arrival of Jesus of Nazareth at a well; thirsty like Don Quixote, he asks for water from a woman who is ostracized—both for being a Samaritan and for having had relationships with several men.

According to the Gospels, the Nazarene did not look at her because of her relationships—which made her an adulteress—but because of her thirst. He offers her water that will ensure she will never thirst again. Don Quixote cannot give the young women that, but he has indeed set in motion a process within Tolosa and La Molinera regarding their own selves. As for what became of the Samaritan woman, as recounted by the evangelist John, we know that she left happy. We also know that these two young women from Cervantes’s world felt so well regarded that they revealed their names and told their stories. All three felt they were being looked at differently. And it is that gaze that I bring to life and long for when I read these episodes.

That is why Don Quixote, when he looks at us, captivates us completely—just as he once captivated the women of high society who felt acknowledged, heard, and appreciated.

One might object to this first adventure of Don Quixote, arguing that it is merely another episode of his madness; yet the effects it has on the women speak to the radiance of an extraordinary quality that resonates more deeply with who they truly are. Don Quixote’s gaze is that of a madman who sees things that the rest of us do not. And here lies the novelty of the character that emerges from these very first pages. Don Quixote is not the classic hero who depended on his gods to be heroic, nor is he the perfect, virtuous saint in his actions. Don Quixote is a madman, but his madness “is surrounded by a radiance of unconscious and involuntary holiness. He is the defenseless man, open to the heights, of realistic transcendence […] the madman belongs to God, possesses a personal angel, and is worthy of religious respect” (Von Balthasar, “Madness and Glory,” Gloria).

That is why, when Don Quixote looks at us, he captivates us completely, just as he once captivated the women of high society who felt acknowledged, heard, and appreciated.

Fernando De Haro

Fernando de Haro is a Spanish journalist, academic, and radio director at COPE. With degrees in journalism, law, and a PhD in information science, he's known for documentaries on Christian persecution. De Haro explores religion's role in society through his media work and publications, including a book on Don Giussani's life.

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So Easy Not to Hear