Why Do We search?

“And what am I? Thus I reason with myself.
— Giacomo Leopardi, Nocturnal Song of a Wandering Shepherd in Asia
Why do we search?
Costantino Esposito

Costantino Esposito - Why We Search: The Religious Sense as the Structure of the Human

This article is based on a dialogue held by philosopher Costantino Esposito on March 21, 2026, at the Libreria delle volte in Perugia. Speaking in the Sala dei Dottorati on the Isola di San Lorenzo, Esposito explores the central themes of Luigi Giussani’s seminal book, Il senso religioso (The Religious Sense).

The article examines the "why" and "how" of our search for significance, framing the religious sense not as a confessional obligation, but as the fundamental structure of the human self. It highlights how this inherent drive for meaning serves as the "basso continuo" of existence—the unique capacity to ask radical questions that distinguish human intelligence from both the natural world and artificial algorithms.

The True Author

There is a paradox at the heart of Luigi Giussani’s The Religious Sense: its true author is not the philosopher and priest who wrote it, but the reader who opens it. This is not a rhetorical gesture. Costantino Esposito—a philosopher and among the most careful contemporary readers of Giussani—explains the point precisely: the text’s aim is not to construct, from the outside, a composite sketch of human experience—as a treatise on theology, anthropology, or psychology might—but to call the reader to recognize firsthand something that already dwells within them. “The I is discovered in action”: this is the book’s deep methodological claim, and the key to keeping it from collapsing into an abstract system.

Esposito chooses an unlikely entry point: the question of intelligence—ubiquitous in contemporary debate and, paradoxically, rarely examined from the inside. He distinguishes three levels. Natural intelligence—the problem-solving capacity shared by animals and plants, by the octopus that figures out a sealed jar, by the lichen that routes around rock—is the ability to respond to environmental challenge. Human intelligence adds something qualitatively different: not merely solving problems, but asking why the problem exists at all, why there is a world, why I am here. Artificial intelligence—algorithmic data-processing—illuminates the difference by contrast: calculation cannot generate itself. It needs a springboard, a desire that precedes it, someone who has already asked about the end. That someone is the human self.

It is precisely here that Giussani locates the religious sense: not as one question among many, but as the supporting structure, the very fabric of The I. A structure no algorithm can generate—because the algorithm already presupposes it.

The Question That We Are

When Giussani speaks of “religious sense,” the adjective carries no confessional weight. “Religious” means ultimate—that whose absence Nietzsche diagnosed as nihilism: not the lack of proximate explanations, but of the radical why. It is the question Leopardi cuts into Canto notturno: “And I, what am I? Thus I reason with myself”—which Esposito places at the start as the most concrete question a person can ask, even though it looks like the most abstract.

This question surfaces unmistakably in the limit situations: an unexpected joy, a tragic event, an unjust suffering. There, we cannot help but ask: why? What is reality asking of me? But Esposito insists on something more radical: the question is not episodic. It is the basso continuo beneath every gesture of existence, even when we do not theorize about it, even when we imagine we are immune. More still: we do not simply have this question. We are this question.

And the question is not optional. No one can decide not to have it. Giussani devotes precise chapters to showing that it is simultaneously the question most proper to the human and the most difficult to keep alive—because it fades. Because it is demanding. It scrapes at the soul. No one, in the end, genuinely resigns themselves to the answer that there is no meaning, that we are here by accident. Something in us recoils from that answer—not as a philosophical choice, but because The I is not at our disposal. It is given.

The Infinite That Cannot Be Constructed

The human being is, structurally, a longing for the infinite. And the defining characteristic of the infinite is that it cannot be produced by the one who desires it. Esposito makes this vivid with an analogy that moves from philosophy to ordinary experience: you fall in love with someone—and the world opens, as it does in every true analogy with the infinite—but you cannot produce love for yourself in that other person. Likewise, you cannot manufacture genuine love even for yourself: ordinarily you measure yourself against yourself and come up short. Yet when this “hypothesis” of the infinite is present, everything acquires depth. Even the smallest gestures—getting out of bed, lifting a coffee cup—rest on an implicit expectation, a promise of fullness not yet received. Without that underlying tension, you do not get up.

This is why Esposito prefers “desiring beings” to “seekers.” Seeking, on its own, can wander aimlessly; it can be organized distraction. Desire has a direction: toward being, toward understanding why I exist, toward being loved, toward fulfillment. And this desire does not originate in us. We are like iron that, without seeing the magnet, is drawn nonetheless. Wittgenstein, like the great philosophers of every tradition, called this The Mystical—or The Mystery: not something opaque or concealed, but that magnet, which moves without being seen.

“We seek because something is seeking us”: reality rises insistently to our senses. Leopardi’s spring smiling—“to what sweet love does spring smile?”—is not sentimental projection. It is reality offering itself and asking for a response. The “heart”—not the sentimental little heart but the self in its full depth, including instinct and bodily sensitivity—is the place where this offer is received. A glass of red wine poured by a friend, or offered in the consecration, is not the same as a bottle taken from a supermarket shelf. It looks like the same thing. It opens dimensions of the entire world.

I Am Another

“Our self is not at our disposal.” From this near-incidental observation, Esposito draws his philosophically densest conclusion: I am another. Not a paradox—the maximum precision.

Augustine said it in words that have never been surpassed: “When I go to the depths of myself, I find you, Lord; I do not find myself.” This is not alienation. It is not that I find a ghost in my place. It is that The I is the trace of one who is calling me; The I is that restlessness—not the soft restlessness of a greeting-card sentiment, but the genuine kind, the sort that gets under your skin, that demands to be followed into unknown territory. It says one thing: nothing is enough for us. When a child seems incapable of being satisfied with anything—expressing constant dissatisfaction, a continuous restlessness—a parent may superficially read this as pathology to be corrected, fixed, or suppressed with a good job and a stable income. But it is precisely in this that the child’s originary face emerges, their original self.

“I am another” does not name a split personality. It names a relationship. The I is a relationship with The You, with the infinite. And it is the most material and carnal thing there is, because how we live—how we drink, how we love, whether we chase something true or settle for a substitute—everything flows from this structure. Life depends on this.

The Discretion of The Mystery

To those who fear that the question of meaning might crush them—that totality is a cage—Esposito offers two clarifications that shift the whole frame.

The first concerns intelligence. It does not complicate; it opens. It is the simplicity of heart the Gospel calls blessed: opening the window in the morning and letting the clear air strike you. Availability to the real, not the construction of systems.

The second concerns the word “meaning” itself. We are always at risk of misreading meaning as a totalizing—rationalist and ideological—explanation of ourselves and the world. If someone were to come along and say, “Now I’ll tell you what this meaning is!”, it would suffocate us, because it would be imposed from outside our own experience. Meaning is either inherent in things or it is forcibly attributed to them. Therefore, it can only be discovered in everyday things. God is not in the whirlwind; He is in the breath of wind that stirs a single leaf—the discrete intimation of The Mystery.

For this reason, “totality” must give way to “the infinite.” Totality is a whole, but it is often the sum of all things—and thus a cage. The infinite is also intensive: in a child’s gaze, in one precise and mortal thing, you understand what the infinite is. You understand it; you do not explain it. The Mystery arrives discreetly, surprising you almost from behind.

The Religious Sense Has No Age

Does the search for meaning carry the same force at sixty as at sixteen? Does disenchantment not diminish it, render it unrecognizable?

Esposito answers from within his own experience—he is past seventy—and the answer upends expectation: the boredom and suffering of sixteen are abstract, furious but abstract. The suffering of seventy is far more concrete. “Having a disenchanted religious sense is the most beautiful thing”: it means not lying to yourself, recognizing that inside the disenchantment, inside the wound, inside whatever burns—the disappointment of a friend, the death of someone loved, your own failure—the question is still lit. Like acid reflux: it burns, every time you have to resort to a remedy. But that burning is the sign that the religious sense is present. Without it, you would simply accept defeat—what an older vocabulary called the spiritual death of the heart.

Giussani himself is the witness. Already gravely ill, he had said—not from a pulpit but wringing the words from his own depths: “But then, is this all there is? I am moving toward the end. Is everything destined for nothing? Even Leopardi, Mozart, Beethoven—does it all end in nothingness?” And then: No. Exclamation point. “There is one thing that remains, and that is my self.” Not because The I will never die: because The I is the pledge of that relationship with The You that makes him, right now. Something irreducible. And he said it, Esposito recalls, with more youthful intensity than a sixteen-year-old.

I Am the “You” That Makes Me

For Augustine as for Giussani, the name of The Mystery is I. Not because The I is God: because the only way to enter into relationship with God is to take one’s own humanity seriously—the humanity He has given, the humanity to which He addresses Himself.

The tenth chapter of The Religious Sense offers a thought experiment: if someone were born with full adult consciousness, the first thing they would say is “there is A Presence, there are things.” Then: “this Presence is providentially oriented toward my good.” Then: “I am here.” And finally—the formula Esposito identifies as the most precise—“At this moment, I am you who make me.” Not because The I is God: because my entire consistency lies in the gesture of Another who holds me in being. From this follows what Giussani calls the most rational act a human being can perform: to say to this You, “Let me be.” That is prayer—not as a survival technique, but as the acceptance of The Mystery. And this acceptance coincides with the most divine thing that exists: having tenderness for yourself, not measuring yourself against some standard you cannot meet, not hating yourself for failing to be what you ought to be or what others require. “I am because I am made.”

The final word belongs to Giussani. Esposito had given him his translation of Kant’s Lectures on the Philosophy of Religion. Kant’s claim: the highest expression of religion is moral seriousness. Giussani’s reply: “He is right; that is exactly how it is.” Then a pause. Then: “The fact is that Christianity is not a religion. It is An Event.”

It is on this distinction that the argument ends—and everything else begins.

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