Can the Church Stay Young?

An open Bible resting on a wooden church pew, illuminated by a shaft of natural light against a dark background, black and white photography

The Word, waiting. A church pew in light and shadow.

The charism is the ultimate endpoint of the Incarnation — the most peripheral and contingent point at which the event of Christ becomes present today.
— Luigi Giussani
PierLuigi Banna. Can the church stay young?

PierLuigi Banna - A conversation on the origin of charisms. Cardinal Ouellet, Coda, Vigorelli, Cozzi and Prato debate the nature, coessentiality, and institutionalization of charisms in the Church ten years after Iuvenescit Ecclesia.

Ten years after Iuvenescit Ecclesia, the question of charisms in the Church continues to prove decisive. What are charismatic gifts? How do they relate to hierarchical gifts? And how can ecclesial movements and new communities remain a living, missionary, fruitful presence in the Church today? In this roundtable, theologians and leading voices in ecclesial reflection exchange views on the origin of charisms, their coessentiality with the life of the Church, and their necessary process of maturation and institutionalization.

Why return to the question of charisms today?

The question is really about the nature of the charisms of new ecclesial communities — which is what gave rise, ten years ago, to the document Iuvenescit Ecclesia. Specifically, in paragraph 10, that document takes up the teaching of the most recent popes — Francis, Benedict XVI, and John Paul II — on the coessentiality of hierarchical and charismatic gifts.

The document makes clear that there is neither opposition nor juxtaposition between these gifts. Pope Leo has recently taken up this teaching as well, weaving in a reference to the one grace: "Everything in the Church is understood in relation to grace. The institution exists so that grace may always be offered. Charisms are stirred up so that this grace may be received and bear fruit."

Today marks ten years since the signing of Iuvenescit Ecclesia, and twenty-eight years since, in 1998, first Cardinal Ratzinger and then John Paul II proposed the category of coessentiality. After all this time, some communities have not yet completed their founding phase; others, with more than half a century behind them, are living through a season of maturity — or, in some cases, even one of crisis.

What are the charisms of ecclesial movements?

Cardinal Marc Ouellet

Let me start with a quotation from Iuvenescit Ecclesia, number 11: "The entire sacramental economy of the Church is the pneumatological realization of the Incarnation. Therefore, Tradition regards the Holy Spirit as the soul of the Church, the Body of Christ."

To get at the true nature of charismatic gifts, we need to root the sacramental mission of the Holy Spirit in the twofold dimension of his Trinitarian identity. On the one hand, he proceeds from the Father and the Son as the fruit of their consubstantial love. He is the "we" of the Father and the Son.

Von Balthasar asserts that the Spirit is, in a certain sense, the synthesis of their subjective love — but simultaneously so as an objective witness to that subjective love, that is, as an irreducible third. In the Holy Trinity, the Spirit is the Third Person who overflows the subjectivity of the Father and the Son as an excess of love, as the overflowing fruitfulness of mutual love within the absolute freedom of the Holy Trinity.

This dual dimension of the Spirit, transposed into the sacramental economy of the Church, manifests its dynamic identity of communion — the "we" — by realizing the Christological dimension of the sacraments, which culminates in the Eucharistic celebration. At the same time, it manifests its objective and personal identity in the properly charismatic dimension, where gratuitousness, unpredictable freedom, and creativity reign.

The mission of the Holy Spirit therefore unfolds first as assistance to the creative work of the Father and the redemptive work of the Son, since the Spirit proceeds from both. He then extends his own personal, unpredictable, and free influence, giving rise to varied charismatic gifts — primarily missionary in nature — under the supreme rule of charity, as the all-encompassing synthesis of every charism.

We can then identify the specific nature of the charisms of ecclesial movements: their distinctiveness is holistic and communal, with the characteristic of making visible the sacramental nature of the Church as such — as a prophetic and missionary communion. This particular communion, which is fundamentally baptismal, embraces the twofold form of the priesthood, all states of life, and the graces gratis datae in all their richness and diversity.

In what sense are charisms "shared"?

Cardinal Marc Ouellet

This charismatic communion arises from the call and mission of a person whose founding charism embodies an original way of sequela Christi — one that proves particularly attractive, fruitful, and shareable. Iuvenescit Ecclesia speaks of a shared charism, but one that cannot be reduced to a particular apostolate, as is the case with the many forms of consecrated life. The charism of ecclesial movements is open and engaged in the apostolate of the Church as such.

Furthermore, this ecclesial charism, by virtue of its particular character — traceable to certain specific traits — can exert a revitalizing influence on the whole of ecclesial life in terms of communion and missionary zeal.

I want to adopt a definition formulated by Libero Gerosa, a pioneer in the theological study of the juridical significance of the founding charism of ecclesial movements: "A charism is a gift of the Holy Spirit given to the faithful of every rank to make them, through a particular form of sequela Christi, more capable and ready to build ecclesial communion founded on the Word of God and the sacraments, so as to constitute a paradigmatic and prophetic sign for the entire Church."

Why are the laity decisive in the life of charisms?

Ilaria Vigorelli

His Eminence has given us a brief treatise in five minutes, and I'll try to make it — as my students say — a little more digestible for our listeners. Not because I want to add anything, but because I think it's worth translating into language that can touch the immediate experience of those who live out a charism in the Church.

I'd like to recall a speech John Paul II gave to the ecclesial movements gathered for the second International Colloquium in 1987. He said, quoting Lumen gentium 35, that Christ "fulfills his prophetic office not only through the hierarchy, which teaches in his name and by his authority, but also through the laity, whom he therefore establishes as his witnesses and forms in the faith and in the grace of the Word, so that the power of the Gospel may shine forth in daily, family, and social life."

It seems to me a beautiful summary of what the cardinal was telling us. It's a matter of identifying coessentiality within the context of Christ's living presence in history, which continues to bring about his salvation — and which works not only through those who teach, guide, and sanctify the People of God through their ministerial role, but also through the indispensable contribution of those who have received the baptismal vocation.

The theme of coessentiality shows itself perfectly in the baptismal vocation, because none of us can become a Christian unless someone baptizes us, unless evangelization reaches us also through the sacrament — that magnificent gateway that draws us into the life of God. We know perfectly well that the Church is organically structured, but the sacrament of Baptism introduces everyone — including ministers — into the life of Christ.

What changed with the movements of the twentieth century?

Ilaria Vigorelli

Charismatic gifts and hierarchical gifts neither compete nor overshadow each other in any way.

This beautiful passage from Lumen gentium — which John Paul II passed on to us throughout his Petrine ministry — reminds us that the great distinction of the twentieth-century movements lies precisely in placing the laity at the center of the Church's great work of evangelization. It sends us back to the end of Matthew's Gospel, when Jesus, before ascending into heaven, says: "Go, teach all nations, and baptize them in the name of the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit."

The distinctive vocation of the laity lies precisely in this Trinitarian foundation of our lives, which we all share in the Church and which the laity carry through a vocation that leads them to perform a pedagogy of faith right where they are: in the midst of the world.

I'm thinking of the last meaningful encounter I had today: the one with the barista where I always go for coffee after lunch. Today he said to me: "All right, come on, Ilaria, let's pray the Rosary together in May — teach me how." And I thought: this is something the laity can do. Maybe a priest who stops in for a coffee could teach the barista to pray the Rosary too, but in practice it is more effective if many laypeople can do it.

Coessentiality doesn't mean the layperson goes it alone and then, every now and then, remembers that Mother Church is behind him. It is precisely because he recognizes himself as part of the Church that his work in the world is work that leads to sacramentality — conferred on each of us through the hierarchical ministry.

What common traits do these new ecclesial realities share?

Monsignor Piero Coda

I'd like to say a few words on one of the questions put to us: whether specific and common traits can be identified in these new ecclesial realities. Absolutely, yes — and it is essential to do so today, so that we may attune ourselves ever more closely to what the Spirit is saying to the Church. Let me start from two points that Iuvenescit Ecclesia emphasizes here.

The first: Vatican II, drawing on the witness of Scripture and the great Tradition of the Church, "constitutes a decisive step" toward a proper understanding of the relationship between hierarchical gifts and charismatic gifts. Hierarchical gifts objectively ensure the contemporaneity of Christ's newness in human history; charismatic gifts make this presence tangible and accessible within the concrete reality of history. That was a decisive step in the growth of the Church's self-awareness and self-configuration.

The second point Iuvenescit Ecclesia emphasizes is that this decisive step — providentially, through the action of the Spirit — came about both because of the great contribution made to the preparation of the Council by the liturgical movement, the biblical movement, the theological renewal, and so on; and because, in conjunction with the Council — both before and after — there came this great flowering of new ecclesial realities. Taken together, these two points highlight a reality, a kairos, a favorable moment of God's action in history through the Church.

What do charisms reveal to the Church today?

Monsignor Piero Coda

The charismatic gifts expressed through these new ecclesial realities seem to kindle, in the life of the Church today — precisely in relation to the novelty of Vatican II's mystical ecclesiology of communion among the People of God — the experience of a profound relationship among all states of life, vocations, charisms, and ministries within the Church, for a new mission, for a new phase of evangelization. In this sense, they represent a proposal for a comprehensively evangelical way of life. Iuvenescit Ecclesia says they aspire to the same apostolic goal as the Church.

This, then, is the specific quality of these realities — with all their limitations, their mistakes, even their provisional character. But it is evident that here the Holy Spirit, through them, wants to offer the Church the opportunity to embody the great ecclesiological vision that Vatican II has fully revived.

What Iuvenescit Ecclesia states — that these realities cannot be understood simply as "a voluntary association of people for the purpose of pursuing a specific religious or social goal" — is decisive. There is more at stake. To understand what the Spirit is saying to us today in the Church, including through these realities, we must try to listen to what, in this way, he wants to tell us. We must discern; we must become their promoters.

Why are charisms important in a fragmented society?

Fr. Alberto Cozzi

I'll begin with two quotations from Iuvenescit Ecclesia. Paragraph 2 describes these movements as highly dynamic realities, capable of arousing a particular attraction to the Gospel and of proposing a Christian way of life that tends toward wholeness, with the aim of deepening the life of faith. What is the distinctive feature of these charisms as they apply to new groups, movements, and communities? It is the capacity to make the Gospel — and its beauty — one's own within a challenging, new context that has lost its unity of customs and culture. In a complex society, we are called to reclaim the Gospel by revealing all its contemporary beauty.

Later, in paragraph 15, we read that charismatic gifts move the faithful to respond in full freedom and in a manner appropriate to the times to the gift of salvation. That freedom, and that timeliness, are beautiful.

We could say that the emergence of a complex society — no longer agricultural, no longer purely industrial, extraordinarily fragmented — poses the challenge of taking hold of the Gospel as a treasure within extremely fragmented cultural and social contexts. These charismatic gifts allow us, again and again and in the most varied settings, to take hold of the full force of the Gospel and its beauty, inviting many other people — many other baptized believers — to take hold of that beauty as well.

What is the relationship between hierarchical gifts and charismatic gifts?

Fr. Alberto Cozzi

If I had to describe the relationship between charismatic gifts and hierarchical gifts, I certainly wouldn't distribute it by saying: hierarchical gifts safeguard Revelation, charismatic gifts supply the response to Revelation. There is a greater circularity: hierarchical gifts safeguard Revelation in its entirety and present it, but charismatic gifts take ownership of the richness and beauty of the Gospel in the given time and challenge the hierarchical gifts to re-articulate — in a manner ever more suited to the times — that beauty of the Gospel.

To put it in more theological terms: the response given to the Gospel is a constitutive element of the truth of the message, because that truth is precisely destined for each person in their own time, culture, and life. Here we have charismatic gifts that allow us to make this truth — intended for everyone — our own, giving it the meaning appropriate to the moment in which we live.

In my view, the contribution of these movements, groups, and new communities is essential precisely because we have lost that unique cultural framework, that shared tradition which once allowed us to grasp the Gospel in all its beauty — or lack thereof — within a common horizon. It is likely the Spirit himself who charismatically creates shared horizons within which the richness of the Gospel can be perceived. Thus, the beauty of the Gospel is continually brought to life in the Church's preaching and in the administration of the sacraments, in a way that resonates with the culture, demands, and needs of the people.

How does a charism make an encounter with Christ possible?

Fr. Ezio Prato

I, too, have reflected on the question of the specific and common traits of these ecclesial communities and the charisms from which they arise. I went back to reread two texts by Fr. Giussani from that decisive year, 1998: an interview that appeared in the volume edited by Monsignor Cordes, Signs of Hope, and a few — but dense — pages from Generating Traces in the History of the World. Three elements stand out.

The first is the existential character of the charism. I quote Don Giussani directly: "It makes the Christian message more convincing, more persuasive, more accessible." Even in a world — a reality — that at times seems to speak a language far removed from Christianity.

The second characteristic is the decisiveness of the charism. Fr. Giussani says the charism is "the ultimate endpoint of the Incarnation," the most peripheral and contingent point at which the event of Christ becomes present. Yet in its precariousness, it is the most important point, because through that very point — that fleeting moment — Christ can reach you; he reaches you today.

The third element is what I would call the totality of the charism. Don Giussani says the charism is like a window through which you see the whole landscape, the entire panorama. So it is not some sort of addition — certainly not a decorative one, important as it may be, but still an addition. It is a way of being, a perspective, a possibility of living the whole of Christianity, of looking out upon all of Christianity, and thus also of viewing the totality of reality in a different way.

Why must charisms become institutionalized?

The second question concerns the destiny of these charisms and the way they evolve and are governed throughout their evolutionary process. Iuvenescit Ecclesia, number 10, cites a 2007 address Benedict XVI gave to members of Communion and Liberation, in which he states that charisms must, in one way or another, become institutionalized in order to ensure coherence and continuity.

The question is what kind of coherence and continuity a process of institutionalization actually ensures, especially after the founding phase has closed. Among the possibilities for spreading and sharing the charism, there may also be the case of certain elements of a spirituality that remain widespread in the Church, even beyond the specific history of a particular community, which may itself cease to exist. What are the opportunities and risks involved in this process of institutionalization, carried out in coherence and continuity with its origins? What ensures that this process is guided by coherence and continuity — and does not stifle the ever-possible outpouring of the Holy Spirit through possible refoundations, rebirths, or reforms?

How can the charism be preserved over time?

Cardinal Marc Ouellet

In the case of ecclesial movements, how do we ensure the continuity and coherence of the original charism over time? This is an urgent and genuinely difficult question, especially in the context of the various abuse scandals, which have badly complicated the trusting, harmonious development of charisms, as well as institutional relationships with local bishops and the relevant dicasteries.

Two fundamental criteria must be held together inseparably in the relationship between hierarchical and charismatic gifts.

The first is "respect for the charismatic distinctiveness of individual ecclesial communities, avoiding legal impositions that stifle the novelty inherent in their specific experience. In this way, we will prevent the various charisms from being regarded as an undifferentiated resource within the Church."

The second is "respect for the fundamental ecclesial regimen, fostering the active integration of charismatic gifts into the life of the universal and particular Church, and preventing the charismatic reality from being conceived as parallel to ecclesial life rather than in an orderly relationship to hierarchical gifts."

These two criteria call for, on everyone's part, an attitude of openness and sincere dialogue in truth and love, and a shared conviction regarding the coessentiality of hierarchical and charismatic gifts in the Church.

What are the risks of institutionalization?

Cardinal Marc Ouellet

As for the fundamental ecclesial regimen, we have to acknowledge that the 1983 Code of Canon Law did not fully absorb the approach and richness of Vatican II's teaching on charisms. We must therefore operate within a limited legal framework, which reinforces the need for authentic, trusting, and respectful dialogue — mutual listening in a synodal spirit — to overcome obstacles and facilitate everyone's obedience to the Holy Spirit, who carries forward the Church's mission.

The recurring temptation for the heirs of an original charism is to water down the gift by making concessions in their personal commitment to sequela Christi within the Church. When Christocentrism is lost, so too are the charism's connection to the Church and the charism's place within the universal grace of the Church. Constant and humble vigilance, nourished by prayer, is required.

The necessary process of institutionalization must not be rushed, nor should it set particular norms too rigidly, since a new ecclesial charism needs time, trials, interactions with the ecclesial community, and the thoughtful judgment of the hierarchical authorities in order to reach its full configuration.

The charism, in all its particularities and values, remains always at the service of grace as the fundamental gift of divine sonship. Grace will remain forever, while charisms arise and pass away as precious missionary phenomena, yet limited to the economy of salvation in its historical-sacramental phase.

Who can discern what should be preserved?

Ilaria Vigorelli

This question is very valuable — urgent and incisive — because it certainly touches a raw nerve for many, including those of us who belong to charismatic communities.

Our first point of reference is the Christocentrism His Eminence mentioned earlier — what John Paul II always emphasized in that 1998 address to ecclesial movements: "True charisms can only be directed toward an encounter with Christ in the sacraments." That gives us a very clear line for discernment.

We cannot do the work of discerning what should be retained and what can be released unless we begin precisely with the theme of communion in its twofold dimension: adoration, and the communion that generates relational reflection. Those called by a vocation — one that has led them to recognize their deepest identity through a decisive encounter with the charism — cannot rush this work, nor can they delegate it to others. It must be done with time and through opportunities for serene dialogue, above all dialogue in adoration, in letting God take the lead.

Who can carry out this discernment? Only the Holy Spirit. And how do we listen to the Holy Spirit? By standing before God as true worshippers.

What does it mean to discern in a crisis?

Ilaria Vigorelli

The more I consider the experiences of the various movements and ecclesial realities I find myself dealing with — partly through my work — the more I see that the histories of institutions carry very deep parallels to the histories of personal spiritual life. The evolution of spiritual life starts in the light, but then matures in darkness, in shadow. This encounter in shadow — in not understanding, in being unable to reach a clear and explicit judgment on all the elements at play — I believe is part of a very precious stage of personal spiritual life, and equally of a charismatic institution within the Church. It is a time of trust, of confidence, of trusting adoration.

In this sense, I believe this critical phase of twentieth-century charisms is forcing us — not least because of the deeply tragic experience of abuse — to rethink God's fatherhood from the perspective of sonship and the charisms of the Holy Spirit, of the Spirit's action. The hierarchical dimension of the Church needs to be purified as it looks at charismatic realities, beginning with a rediscovery of the Father's generative power. The Father exists because he generates — because he generates the Son, because he gives life to the Son.

And so the theme of vitality, for me, is fundamental to discernment: going to see where there is life, where life is arriving, where life is flourishing.

What does synodality ask of ecclesial movements?

Monsignor Piero Coda

I want to take up the final suggestion put to us in the question: ecclesial movements and new communities in the synodal process. Pope Leo has emphasized that, "through the synodal process, the Holy Spirit has kindled the hope of an ecclesial renewal capable of revitalizing the community." When we fully understand and live out what is at stake in the synodal process, it constitutes a further act of reception of Vatican II, one that extends and revitalizes its prophetic power for today's world. This happens by inviting conversion in the relationships that build up the Christian community and shape the mission through the interweaving of vocations, charisms, and ministries.

The synodal process directly involves, engages, and challenges these new ecclesial realities — not only because taking part in the synodal process with responsibility, bringing one's own originality into play, means effectively practicing coessentiality; but also because synodality is that form of the Church which values ministries and charisms, draws on the baptismal vocation, and places at its center the relationship with Christ and the welcoming of brothers and sisters.

Why is synodality not optional?

Monsignor Piero Coda

The synodal process is not optional with regard to the implementation of Vatican II, nor is it optional with regard to the experience that new movements and communities are called to live today during this providential phase of their institutionalization. We must acknowledge, however, that so far we cannot say the expected fruits have materialized — neither from the synodal process as such, nor from the participation of these new realities in it. But we are only at the beginning.

The hope is that everyone will come to realize that an authentic synodal model of the Church, in accordance with the Gospel message and the great Tradition, offers the propitious framework — on the spiritual, theological, pastoral, and canonical levels — within which to accompany the process of institutionalization. What, then, is the most suitable institutional form for expressing the originality of charisms and placing them at the service of the Church's mission? It is evident that the canonical framework at our disposal has not yet succeeded in expressing the ecclesiological novelty incubated by Vatican II.

What is needed is perseverance, listening, and obedience: a disarmed obedience on the part of all those involved in the process to the voice of the Spirit; obedience on the part of the members of the movements and new communities; obedience on the part of ecclesiastical authority.

What dynamics does institutionalization require?

Fr. Alberto Cozzi

I would answer the question about the necessary institutionalization of charisms by emphasizing that it is not merely about giving them a form that will endure over time, or providing continuity for embodying the charism. The need to institutionalize a charism points, in my view, to three dynamics.

The first is establishing, from within a charismatic experience, what the criteria for membership are — what allows us to identify ourselves, to say "we" within a given experience. This is particularly interesting in the transition from the founder to successors: being able to name the factors that have defined a certain experience and that identify us within the Church and in service to the Church. At this first level, the need for mutual patience already arises, because we discover that the memory of what made a certain charismatic experience impactful — of what drew us in and held us — is not the same for everyone. It is a matter of allowing that memory, the constitutive factors of belonging, the elements that define an experience, to settle, so that they may become a shared heritage in which everyone recognizes themselves.

What does it mean to give shape to a charism?

Fr. Alberto Cozzi

There is a second level: the need to clarify roles, authority, defining commitments, and the management of spaces — all those elements that constitute the rights and duties of the members of a movement, a new community, or a gathering of the faithful. At this level, the institutionalization of the charism asks the Church — especially those responsible for discernment — to exercise a certain flexibility: the capacity to continually identify new forms that express an experience, its authoritative references, and its mode of action.

The third level of the necessary institutionalization of a charism is what I call the public sphere: the fact that every association, community, or movement must establish an identity in the public sphere, must declare who it is and what it can and wants to do. In doing so, it declares what its area of service is, and declares it in such a way that the public sphere can recognize this service. In the public sphere, one cannot operate solely on the basis of personal and subjective inspirations; one must establish a recognizable identity that allows one to act in accordance with the charism.

Criteria for membership, the organization of roles and defining commitments, and identity in the public sphere: these seem to me three indispensable elements of the institutionalization of charisms — one that does not seek to imprison them, but to make them fruitful and visible in real history.

What transition is required in the relationship between charism and institution?

Fr. Ezio Prato

The first thing I would say about this process of institutionalization and the charism-institution relationship is a suggestion: go back and read number 17 of Iuvenescit Ecclesia, where the process of discernment is described with interesting nuances. It is not an easy task, but it is a necessary service. Its purpose is to honor, and above all to reckon with, the fundamental element that has run through our whole conversation: time — a process that unfolds over time and requires appropriate stages; realities that also need a period of experimentation and consolidation.

The second point is a quotation from a 1970 essay by Ratzinger, Observations on the Question of Charisms in the Church. Speaking of St. Francis, Ratzinger says: "Obedience to the task is not diminished, but made complete by the obedience that consists in remaining in the Church. The criterion of true charism is the cross — allowing oneself to be torn between the task and the place of its fulfillment for the sake of the task itself." We must reckon with this passage through the cross.

What remains open?

The conversation reveals that the coessentiality of charismatic and hierarchical gifts has accompanied the Church throughout its entire history, even without explicit recognition. In practice, the evangelization of the world has been accomplished above all through charisms. Vatican II marked a major step forward in understanding the missionary nature of the whole Church. The rise of ecclesial movements is an important vehicle for conveying this message to the Church as a whole.

The synodal process is another such vehicle, one that values the contribution of all charisms — but especially that of ecclesial movements. Yet this contribution has not yet been sufficiently received. We are in a season of the Church's reawakening in people's hearts, and of the kind of participation the Holy Spirit desires from everyone. Everyone is called to give of themselves in the Church's mission.

Why does this reflection matter today?

These new charisms keep reminding us that it is not self-evident, not a given, not a settled starting point, to understand what it means to be a believer today, and what the richness and beauty of that experience are. The new charisms allow us to keep in view the importance of what we call faith: believing as a way of receiving, even now, the gift of Jesus Christ, who brings our humanity to fulfillment.

Perhaps this is the challenge of our time, in which the self-evidence of religious experience has been lost. The new movements, lay associations, and their charisms allow us to rediscover what we might call the miracle of faith.

This piece originated as a video roundtable among the five speakers — Cardinal Marc Ouellet, Ilaria Vigorelli, Monsignor Piero Coda, Fr. Alberto Cozzi, and Fr. Ezio Prato — convened to mark ten years since the publication of Iuvenescit Ecclesia. The conversation has been transcribed, translated into English, and lightly edited for readability. No meaning has been altered. The Q&A format reproduces the structure of the original discussion; the questions serve as thematic headers drawn from the moderator's prompts during the session. Our aim has been to make a substantive theological exchange accessible to Epochal Change readers without losing the spoken character of the original voices.

Source: IlSussidiarioTV - I Carismi nella Chiesa.

Pierluigi Banna

Pierluigi Banna, born in 1984, is an Italian Catholic theologian and clergyman. He holds a PhD in Systematic Theology and History, teaching at the Faculty of Theology of Northern Italy and Catholic University in Milan. Banna's research focuses on patristics and early Christianity's relationship with ancient philosophy. He actively contributes to academic discourse, exploring faith, reason, and contemporary cultural issues.

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