The Freedom of the Spirit

Historic monastery perched on a towering rock formation in Meteora, Greece, with misty mountains and clouds in the background.

This stunning image captures one of the famous Meteora monasteries in Greece, a UNESCO World Heritage Site known for its breathtaking location atop towering rock formations. Built by monks seeking spiritual isolation, these monasteries stand as a testament to faith, history, and architectural brilliance.

This recognition does not cancel the principle that charism is itself a precise limit on the exercise of ‘sacra potestas’—and here lies the deepest canonical implication of coessentiality.
— Romeo Astorri
Romeo Astorri ENGLISH - how hard it is to guard the freedom of the Spirit

Romeo Astorri - On Iuvenescit Ecclesia and the canonical status of movements: the coessentiality of hierarchical and charismatic gifts, recognition, and the limits of the “private association” form.

The Letter Iuvenescit Ecclesia (IE) opens its reflection on the canonical status of movements and new communities by restating a thesis of John Paul II and Benedict XVI: the “coessentiality between hierarchical gifts—which are in themselves stable, permanent, and irrevocable—and charismatic gifts.” As the letter puts it, “although the latter, in their historical forms, are never guaranteed forever, the charismatic dimension can never be absent from the life and mission of the Church.”

The document then defines charismatic gifts as gifts “that move the faithful to respond, in full freedom and in a manner appropriate to the times, to the gift of salvation, making of themselves a gift of love for others and an authentic witness to the Gospel before all people.” Ecclesial movements and new communities, in turn, are ecclesial gatherings that arise from “spiritual affinities, proximities, and kinships through which the charismatic heritage, beginning with the person of the founder, is shared and deepened, giving rise to true spiritual families,” so that “from an original, foundational charism, various foundations can arise, as the history of spirituality shows.”

For our purposes, another distinction in the letter matters a great deal: the one between the many charismatic gifts that individuals receive and live within the Christian community—gifts that need no specific regulation—and those that present themselves as an “original” or “foundational” charism. Only the latter calls for specific recognition, both of the charism itself and of the form it takes in the Church, so that this “richness is properly integrated into ecclesial communion” and “faithfully transmitted over time.”

It is worth stressing that calling a charism “foundational” is not a value judgment but a factual one: it follows simply from the observation that the charism has given rise to genuine spiritual families.

IE then turns to the features of the chief fruit of a foundational charism: movements and new communities. The first feature is their openness to all the baptized, which shows that “a specific original charism can bring the faithful together and help them to live their Christian vocation and their state of life fully in the service of the ecclesial mission.”

The letter singles out others it considers especially important. One is the movements’ role as a meeting point between the particular Church and the universal Church. Charismatic gifts are by nature given to the whole Church, yet they can only be realized in the service of a concrete diocese; so movements too express the “indispensable and constitutive relationship between the universal Church and the particular Churches.” Hence, “when they have a supra-diocesan character, they must not be conceived as entirely autonomous from the particular Church; rather, they must enrich and serve it by virtue of their own distinctive characteristics shared beyond the boundaries of a single diocese.” Another feature: movements “represent an authentic opportunity to live out and develop one’s Christian vocation.”

Because in them all the faithful live the common priesthood of the People of God in everyday life, the ordained can find strength and help to live fully what their specific ministry asks of them, and the various states of life can live the charism that works “the special conformation to Christ, virgin, poor, and obedient”—a stable form granted so as “to be able to gather more abundant fruits from baptismal grace.”

The Legal Status

In reconstructing the legal status of movements, IE examines the path by which authority establishes their genuineness, the first step being recognition. It describes this act as “a duty that Pastors are required to perform,” since the faithful “have the right to be informed… regarding the authenticity of charisms and the reliability of those who present themselves as their bearers.”

The letter doesn’t define the legal nature of recognition, but it does explain its purpose: the “ecclesial recognition of their authenticity.” Drawing, in substance, on Christifideles laici—John Paul II’s 1988 apostolic exhortation closing the Synod of Bishops on the Laity—it lists the criteria that must ground the discernment of charismatic gifts.

The eight criteria fall into two groups. The first concerns what is asked of the faithful who follow the charism: the primacy of every Christian’s vocation to holiness, commitment to the missionary spread of the Gospel, and the profession of the Catholic faith. The second concerns mainly the communal dimension: the witness of active communion with the whole Church; the recognition and appreciation of the mutual complementarity of other charismatic movements in the Church; the acceptance of moments of trial in the discernment of charisms; the presence of spiritual fruits; and the social dimension of evangelization.

These criteria are somewhat unwieldy, and in the case of accepting moments of trial they even risk an unintended legitimizing of attitudes contrary to the very spirit of welcome the letter urges toward the movements. Still, they make clear that discernment, prior to recognition, aims not to verify the association’s formal-legal adequacy but to ensure that the richness of the charism “is properly integrated into ecclesial communion and faithfully transmitted over time.” As noted, the Pastors’ discernment-recognition also answers the faithful’s right to be assured of the truth of the charisms.

Canon-law scholarship has defined recognition as the formal measure by which a movement acquires a specific standing in the canonical order. In light of IE, though, that definition flattens the ecclesiological complexity beneath it. The observer is left to note an antinomy: the theological horizon of the document, which looks to the continuity between discernment and recognition, sits awkwardly beside the horizon of the canonist, for whom recognition is an administrative act aimed primarily outward—at the association itself and at the particular Church concerned.

Private Association of the Faithful

Turning specifically to the legal status of movements, IE states that its intention is “to clarify the theological and ecclesiological positioning of new ecclesial aggregations starting from the relationship between hierarchical gifts and charismatic gifts, so as to facilitate the concrete identification of the most appropriate modalities for the ecclesial recognition of the latter.” True to that premise, it limits itself to observing that “the simplest legal form for the recognition of ecclesial realities of a charismatic nature appears to this day to be that of a private association of the faithful,” while adding that “it is also advisable to carefully consider other legal forms with their own specific characteristics.”

The letter doesn’t prescribe the particular legal form movements must adopt. More interesting are its guidelines on what to weigh in choosing that form: one warning and two inseparable criteria. The warning concerns the need to avoid “situations that do not take adequate account of both the fundamental principles of law and the nature and particularities of the various charismatic realities.” The two criteria, framed in terms of the relationship between hierarchical and charismatic gifts, are: respect for the particularity of the charism, which must not be “stifled by legal forms that do not respect the novelty brought by the specific experience”; and respect for the fundamental ecclesial order, so that the charismatic reality is not “conceived in parallel to ecclesial life and not in an orderly relationship with hierarchical gifts.”

To my mind, the criteria and the warning plainly show an effort to apply the principle of coessentiality between hierarchical and charismatic gifts. On one side stand the principles of the canonical order—to which the “fundamental ecclesial order” evoked in the criteria can be traced (the hierarchical gifts); on the other, the distinctiveness of the charismatic reality, in which the will of the members takes shape (the charismatic gifts).

In sum, the letter echoes the conciliar magisterium, for which “in the person of the bishops, assisted by the priests, the Lord Jesus Christ is present among the faithful… [who], with their wisdom and prudence, directs and orders the people of the New Testament in their pilgrimage toward eternal bliss.” It thus reaffirms, plainly, that defining the normative framework for the legal status of movements falls to those who hold hierarchical gifts. Yet this recognition does not cancel the principle that charism is itself a precise limit on the exercise of “sacra potestas”—and here lies the deepest canonical implication of coessentiality.

Promoting Association

Revisited after ten years, the text confirms the fruitfulness of its approach to movements—almost as if, fifteen years on, it were in dialogue with the 2001 apostolic letter Novo millennio ineunte, in which John Paul II stressed that it is of “great importance for communion (…) the duty to promote the various forms of association, which, both in the more traditional forms and in the newer ones of ecclesial movements, continue to give the Church a vitality that is a gift from God and constitutes an authentic springtime of the Spirit.”

Still, one cannot ignore that this hope, like IE’s whole approach, has largely gone unheeded. The doctrinal debate—and, in some respects, the legislator—have taken other paths. Consider the two most recent legislative interventions on the matter: the Dicastery for the Laity’s decree of June 11, 2021, regulating the exercise of governance in international associations of the faithful, and Pope Francis’s motu proprio Ad charisma tuendum of July 14, 2022, on Opus Dei. The first mentions the letter only in passing, where it evokes the principle of coessentiality; the second doesn’t mention it at all.

In the decree’s preamble the principle is invoked in apodictic terms, to justify the intervention’s aims and legitimacy; in substance, though, its deeper meaning seems not to have been grasped. The motu proprio, for its part, presents itself formally as a decision about one type of legal entity—the personal prelature—judged unfit to respect the distinctive nature of a charismatic reality. But the reasons offered reach beyond what that subject matter dictates, to the point of bordering on a Holy See intervention into whether Opus Dei’s statutes are consistent with its own charism. In both cases, the link to the inseparable criteria of IE looks problematic.

IE’s observation that “the simplest legal form for the recognition of ecclesial realities of a charismatic nature appears, to this day, to be that of a private association of the faithful” deserves further reflection. It opens onto a question in the doctrinal debate over the legal status of movements.

The case for a private association rests on two prevailing arguments: that it better respects the will of the faithful, and that the canonical rules for public associations are inadequate—on which point it has been held, rightly, that the hierarchy’s role was excessive relative to the associative nature of the case.

To my mind, the letter reaffirms that this choice must reckon with a fact: the will of the faithful who join a movement is not shaped solely by the association’s purpose—the object of their mutual agreement—but also, and perhaps above all, expresses a shared striving to follow a charism, something not wholly within the bounds of their own will.

As has been observed, “while there seems to be no doubt that the doctrine of charisms can constitute the theological foundation of the personal initiative of individual faithful, characterizing such an initiative as private does not appear entirely adequate.”

Second, for all the real merit of its flexibility, the association form shows its limits before the increasingly complex reality of movements (the letter speaks of true spiritual families)—limits that “have led to the search for sectoral configurations… which, in the final analysis, undoubtedly undermine the movement’s juridical and governance unity, but not infrequently its spiritual and charismatic unity as well, when each sector tends to act independently.”

The Duty of Research

In conclusion, many of the problems that have surfaced trace back to a simple fact: the Code contains no term for “movement,” and it mentions charisms only in connection with institutes of consecrated life. (Feliciani’s hope, voiced in 1980 at the Consociatio congress in Freiburg, thus remains timely: he noted “the need for canonistic research to devote greater attention to the doctrine of charisms than has been possible to date.”)

Yet these problems must also be seen as the fruit of the strain canon law undergoes whenever it takes up such themes—with the hope that the sense of an unfinished reflection on movements and their features may move everyone concerned—theologians, canonists, legislators, and the movements’ own representatives—to a renewed commitment to research.

Alberto Cozzi

Born in 1963 in Rho, Italy, he has been a priest since 1987. A tenured professor and dean, he specializes in Trinitarian and Christological theology, teaching at Milan's seminary and theological faculty, with expertise in systematic theology and religious studies.

https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/cfaith/cti_documents/rc_cti_index-members_en.html
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