More Than a Mere Name

Only a faith that is verified within life and that shines forth from within can answer Dostoevsky’s question today.
— Julián Carrón
More than a Mere Name
Julián Carrón

“Can an educated person today truly believe in the divinity of Jesus Christ?”

Dostoevsky’s provocative question is the heart of our first Lenten meeting in Oropa. In a world often marked by dissatisfaction and boredom, does the Christian proposal still offer a relevant answer to our deepest desires? Fr. Julián Carrón explores these questions through the lens of modern experience in this Lenten meeting.

Original Youtube video in Italian here.

“Can a Cultured Man, a European of Our Time, Truly Believe in the Divinity of Jesus Christ?”

Julián Carrón - Lenten Reflection Series: “Your Hope, Your Hope Is Not in Vain, Because Christ Is Truly Risen” Sanctuary of Oropa, February 20, 2026.

Michele Berchi. This series of meetings emerged from the shock we all experienced at the beginning of this year on January 1: while we were exchanging New Year’s greetings, forty young people died in the tragedy at Crans-Montana. In Biella, we were particularly affected because one of the girls who survived—and who remains hospitalized—is one of our own, a girl from our schools here in Biella.

For me, and I believe for all of us, it was like receiving a hard blow from reality in exchange for our good wishes. A blow hurts, yes, but it inexorably awakens us. In that moment, the big questions of life surfaced: questions about the meaning of existence itself, about life in the face of death, about suffering, and that rebellion that arises from our deepest hope when it feels betrayed, when it despairs, when it makes us want to flee.

Consciously or not, we all began to listen for someone who could say something that would satisfy the questions troubling our hearts. The Pope, whom the families of the Crans-Montana victims asked to meet, offered them many beautiful words. But one statement stood out—one that became the title of this Lenten journey: “Your hope, your hope is not in vain, because Christ is truly risen.” It is the only statement the human heart feels truly answers its deepest desire.

But here the real challenge begins. In the face of those words, the question deepens: Is it really possible to believe this? Can our mentality, our reason, truly accept this? Is it real? Is it true?

This brings us to this evening’s conversation. I am deeply grateful to you, Julián Carrón, for being here.

Song: “Be Still My Heart”, by Jacqui Treco.

Berchi. Julián, so the question becomes: “Can an educated man, a European of our day, truly believe in the divinity of Jesus Christ?” [footnote 1]

Julián Carrón. Good evening, everyone. Thank you, Fr. Michele, for the invitation. This question never grows old. Although we have heard it many times, it cannot be taken for granted. Bringing it before our eyes again is the first gift you give us at the beginning of Lent. Dostoevsky’s phrase is always provocative. It speaks not only to the events at the beginning of the year, which Fr. Michele mentioned, but to the historical moment we are living now. Even though times change and situations shift, the fundamental challenge remains: Can the Christian faith be perceived as a real response to the human drama?

The words the Pope addressed to the parents of the Crans-Montana victims hold the entire issue: “Your hope is not in vain, because Christ is risen.” Does this still have any place in our world? Does it take root in the depths of our being?

Dostoevsky’s challenge is directed at us—at the educated European of our day, a man or woman aware of the full capacity of reason, the hunger for freedom, the need for genuine human connection. Someone who refuses to abandon any part of their humanity. To answer Dostoevsky’s question honestly, we must first be truly self-aware and then verify whether Jesus Christ meets the measure of our human nature.

From the very beginning of his teaching, Don Giussani challenged his students with these words: “I am not here so that you may adopt my ideas as your own, but to teach you a true method for judging the things I will tell you. And the things I will tell you are an experience that is the result of a long past: two thousand years.” [footnote 2] The proclamation the Pope speaks of is indeed two thousand years old. But we all know that, at this moment in history, merely repeating Christian doctrine is not enough. Devotion alone does not make it feel truly relevant to the challenges of our lives.

This is why Don Giussani faced the matter head-on from the start. He invited his students to verify for themselves what they had received from the tradition—just as we must. He was convinced that only a human being can perceive what he desired to show: “The relevance of faith to the demands of life.” [footnote 3] This is what is at stake for us when we face a shock like the Crans-Montana tragedy, and what we face continuously.

This is why Giussani embraced Dostoevsky’s challenge, first and foremost for himself: “Because of my upbringing in my family and seminary, and then through my reflection, I was deeply convinced—and we cannot respond to life’s challenges without deep conviction—that a faith which cannot be found and discovered in present experience, which is confirmed by it, which is useful in responding to its demands, will not be a faith capable of withstanding a world where everything, everything, says and continues to say the opposite.” [footnote 4] When Giussani spoke these words, we were still far from seeing what we see now. He anticipated with brilliant foresight what the true issue was. Because of this awareness, he gave us tools to face the challenge. This means those words the Pope repeated to the parents of the victims can be genuinely true and alive, truly responding to the tragedy they endure—and that we endure with them.

No one can verify another person’s faith, whoever they may be. Each person must face this question personally. Otherwise, when the challenge comes to your door—and it will—your faith will not be strong enough. Perhaps you will not formally break with the Church, but faith will not be a decisive force in your life. Something else will take over, something more immediately interesting. We distract ourselves, invite other thoughts in, because otherwise it is unbearable.

This is why the Christian message will only be taken seriously today—in this historical situation, with the challenges we face daily—by those who urgently need to find an answer that truly meets their deepest needs. This is why becoming aware of ourselves, of the drama each of us experiences, is not merely a cultural prerequisite before moving to theology. It is an invitation to wake up to ourselves, to our own struggle, so that we can verify whether it is reasonable—now—to believe in the divinity of Jesus Christ, as Dostoevsky asks.

1. The Drama of Contemporary Man

From Dostoevsky’s day to now, the human drama has remained essentially unchanged. It has not diminished at all. It takes different forms from time to time, but at its core it remains the same. The confusion in which so many of our contemporaries find themselves—and we are not exempt from this—proves how relevant the question still is. Whatever explains this disorientation, it is the most striking feature of our time. It dominates everywhere. And when people cannot find a satisfying answer, disorientation turns into resignation or accommodation, into an attempt to survive in the current unstable situation. “That’s just how life is”—one of the most popular phrases today. It is our attempt to justify our complacency. We tell ourselves, “Nothing will change. We know that already.” We convince ourselves that the challenge is too great, so the only solution is to shrink our expectations, contenting ourselves with whatever small gratifications are at hand—shopping, moving from one thing to the next, jumping from one relationship to another, waiting for the weekend, watching Netflix series, finding various distractions. Everyone knows the strategies they use to avoid feeling the emptiness.

But these attempts to soften the daily struggle reveal something crucial: the human being is never satisfied. They are futile attempts. And precisely in this dominant situation, something remarkable emerges: our fundamental hunger makes itself known more powerfully than ever. This is why we must always find new ways to respond to this constant emergence of what we essentially are.

And perhaps this is the most striking fact of our time: despite everything, what never fails is our perception of ourselves, with all the drama of living, with all the needs vibrating within us. Attempts multiply exponentially, but none of them succeeds in silencing the cry that emerges from our deepest being.

“Most of us,” observed Martin Buber, “only rarely become fully aware of the fact that we have not experienced the fullness of existence, that our life is lived, so to speak, on the margins of authentic existence. Yet we never cease to feel this lack. We always strive, in one way or another, to find somewhere what we are missing.” [footnote 5] This is why attempts keep multiplying.

It is the same awareness with which Ratzinger—and we are fortunate to have him reminding us—perceived the situation we face as actually favorable for faith. “Why does faith still succeed?” he asks. “I would say because it corresponds to human nature. In the human person there is an unquenchable longing for the infinite. None of the answers we have tried are sufficient. Only God, who made himself finite in order to break open our finitude and lead it into the vastness of his infinity, is able to meet the deepest questions of our being. Therefore, even today, the Christian faith will come to find each human person.” [footnote 6]

But what is the condition under which faith—the Christian proclamation we have heard and repeated so many times—can genuinely “find” each one of us?

Don Giussani was always so aware of this that in his book At the Origin of the Christian Claim, he reminds us from the very first lines that nothing matters more for understanding the Christian event than “the question of the real situation of man. It would be impossible to fully understand what Jesus Christ means if we did not first fully understand the nature of that dynamism which makes man human. Christ presents himself as the answer to what ‘I’ am. Only a careful, tender, and passionate awareness of myself can open me up and dispose me to recognize, admire, thank, and live Christ. Without this awareness, even Jesus Christ becomes a mere name.” [footnote 7]

The entire journey we must undertake as human beings to verify thoroughly whether faith is capable of responding to this drama—whatever path you take, whether you now begin with At the Origin of the Christian Claim or another way—depends on this: at the end of the journey, has Jesus Christ become more than a “mere name” to you? We can repeat all the phrases, and Christ can continue to be a “mere name”—spoken devoutly, for heaven’s sake, but still just a “mere name”—that does not change our lives, that does not respond to our needs. We know this because we look elsewhere for answers to our struggle.

Giussani reminds us that to be truly persuaded, we need the experience of our own humanity. Yet often we see our humanity as something to be eliminated. Years ago, a priest from Latin America told me that in seminary he was always told to forget himself, to leave his “I” behind. That is why he was so struck when Don Giussani said the opposite: what is missing is not the “I” but the human. He realized that without the human, he would not have been able to perceive who Jesus Christ is. But this mentality runs so deep in us that we continue to think all life’s challenges, all of life’s provocations, are things to be eliminated, unfortunate obstacles—not opportunities to see that Christ is far more than a “mere name.”

Only in this way is it possible to verify that Christian faith can still genuinely “find” each one of us.

But it is an ever-present temptation. This is why I was struck by a passage from Simone Weil: “Even in our private lives, each of us is always tempted to put our shortcomings, in a sense, in parentheses; to place them in some closet, to calculate where they do not count, where they do not disturb or bother us. Giving in to this temptation—look at Simone Weil’s awareness—means ruining one’s soul. It is the temptation that must be overcome more than any other.” [footnote 8]

I cannot imagine a better way to begin Lent, becoming aware of what is truly at stake, than with this sentence from Simone Weil. Wanting to put our humanity aside is the temptation we must overcome above all others. Because if I put it “aside,” I will not be able to see who Christ is. I will not be able to recognize his significance for my life. So for those who think that pushing their humanity “into some closet” is enough to solve the problem, experience itself will convince them that they cannot delude themselves, that they cannot get away with this strategy for long—as we all know from lived experience.

And as the story of the prodigal son shows—a son who wanted to seek his own answer where he thought he could find it. The beauty of that parable is that the father is not afraid at all. He gives him his inheritance without batting an eye: “Go! Go and see for yourself! Because I want a son who truly understands why he should stay home, not one who stays out of mere moralism, full of regret inside. Like your brother, who complains that he did not even get a goat to celebrate with. Go! See if you can find what you are looking for elsewhere.”

This experience will help us discover the lack we experience within ourselves—and it is not simply something added on. A perceptive observer like Jean-Paul Sartre helps us understand the depth of this: “That human reality is lack is proven by the existence of desire as a human fact.” The fact that we desire so powerfully is a sign of the very essence of this lack. Desire is not simply lack of something, as we often imagine. It is a “lack of being,” which is why it is “stimulated in its most intimate being by the being it desires.” It is an Other that reawakens our desire to become more! So much so that we become increasingly ourselves. “Thus it testifies to the existence of a lack in the very being of human reality.” [footnote 9] It is Mystery that constantly generates us with this “lack of being” so that we can desire it.

This “lack of being” is not an obstacle, a complication, or a hindrance that we must put away in the closet. It is not like having a stomach ulcer where you change locations, take a trip, go to sleep, and it disappears. No—I carry it inside me! If I do not address the problem, I will carry it forever! This “lack of being” is not an obstacle to overcome, not something to fix. It is the opportunity to see why we exist, and that with our own efforts we cannot respond. Because here the very nature of the self is revealed: we are made to be in relationship with the Infinite.

This is the first conversion: understanding what we are really talking about. Otherwise, we reduce conversion to something pathetic: I “fix” something for Lent, I make some “sacrifices,” some “adjustments.” It is like someone with cancer trying to cure it with Tylenol. They have not understood the nature of the problem! So if at the beginning of Lent we do not recognize what the nature of our problem is, what the nature of our “lack of being” really is, we will do the right things, of course, but we will be disappointed because they will not respond to what we truly need. And as soon as Easter arrives, having done our “little tasks,” we return to our old routine. Deep down, we still believe we will find answers in our own attempts. You see how this keeps us from walking a path that allows us to understand more and more what life and faith are truly about.

Therefore, only if we understand, as St. Augustine says, our greatness, can we begin to understand what conversion truly is: “You show quite clearly the greatness you wanted to attribute to rational creatures, for nothing less than You is enough for their blessed peace, their happiness.” [footnote 10]

It would be enough to understand this to transform our whole mindset. Since we do not change it, we continue to make clumsy attempts—all with good intentions, of course—but without recognizing what is truly at stake. Because if we do not truly understand that this is not a problem to be fixed, but rather a matter of becoming aware of the greatness to which Christ calls us, of the unique nature he gives us, for which “nothing less than You is enough,” then we continue to try filling the void with trivialities. And then we complain that we have made so many attempts, even “religious” ones, only to find ourselves worse off, emptier than before. We solve nothing. And this, in the end, leads us to wonder: “But does our hope have any foundation?”

Listen to how these words of Giussani still resonate at the beginning of Lent: “The most important thing is to feel the humanity in what makes us suffer, the humanity of the sadness of our limitations. It is a positive from which everything can start. It is only a positive.” And what does he mean by “positive”? What have we thought of as “positive”? “What we start from is good. One can feel a grave temptation. A grave temptation is not something demonic. It is a power of body and soul. It is humanity. Why is this humanity given to me? This is the question that creeps in if one understands that temptation as instinct, as sadness, is a human positivity, a human capacity, a humanity. Why have I been given this humanity? This is the point. This is where a person begins: why have I been given this humanity?” [footnote 11] The very humanity we would like to discard from the outset.

Someone writes to me: “I am deeply unhappy and I cannot get beyond the surface of the thousand contradictions I experience. I see in myself a rebellion against living reality as it is, but I cannot grasp the real root of the problem. It is as if what exists is always less than what I would like.” If one does not understand how we are made, one does not understand why it is “always less than what I would like.” The letter continues: “I dump it left and right. But the truth is I am increasingly sad, and what scares me most is that I am afraid of everything, always on edge. The truth is I just want to be pulled out of this deep abyss, from which I try to distract myself most of the time.”

While this person dreams only of escaping his own deep abyss, Pope Leo considers that abyss an essential tool for faith. “I would therefore like to express a hope,” he said to the Italian bishops, “that the journey of the Churches in Italy includes, in consistent symbiosis with the centrality of Jesus, the anthropological vision—the perception of man according to his true nature—as an essential tool for pastoral discernment, for the communication of faith. Without a living reflection on the human, without a true awareness of oneself as Giussani would say, ethics is reduced to a mere code and faith risks becoming disembodied.” [footnote 12] In other words, a “mere name,” a fairy tale.

Pope Leo made this vision even clearer in his letter to the priests of the Diocese of Madrid. Why is this “living reflection on the human” so crucial? Because we are experiencing “a profound cultural change that cannot be ignored: the progressive disappearance of shared references. For a long time, the Christian seed found largely prepared ground, because moral language, the great questions about the meaning of life, and certain fundamental notions were, at least in part, shared. Today, this common ground has been greatly weakened. Many of the conceptual assumptions that for centuries supported the transmission of the Christian message have ceased to be self-evident, and in many cases, are no longer even comprehensible. The Gospel encounters not only indifference,” but above all, the “new restlessness” that arises in human beings—that fundamental hunger. Those who recognize this hunger also realize, as the Pope says, that “the absolutization of well-being has not brought the hoped-for happiness. Freedom unbound by truth has not generated the promised fulfillment. Material progress alone has not succeeded in satisfying the deep desire of the human heart.” [footnote 13] Everything we do must be weighed against the needs of the human heart.

2. But Is There a Presence That Truly Answers the Heart’s Deepest Expectation?

(Song: “Aconteceu” (It Happened), by Adriana Calcanhotto)

“It happened.” The answer to the drama is: “It happened.” We celebrated this at Christmas. Then, in the Sundays that followed, the liturgy accompanied us in realizing how that event could gradually enter into the hearts of those who encountered it, so that, as the Pope says, it would not remain disembodied, would not remain a “mere name.” If we do not walk the path through which Christianity communicates itself—as Fr. Giussani always told us, following the way the Mystery itself made it happen among us—it will remain disembodied. It will continue to be a “mere name.”

After Jesus’ baptism, John the Baptist appears as “the” witness, the one who points and declares: “Behold the Lamb of God, who takes away the sin of the world!” [footnote 14] But what could the people have understood from that phrase? At best, they would have repeated it devoutly, convinced, but understanding nothing. Only when the Gospel story continues through the following Sundays, only when John and Andrew actually meet him as a man, does that phrase reveal its meaning: “We have met the one we were waiting for. We have met the one our hearts were waiting for.” A presence so powerful that it captures all their attention! And it frees them from seeking satisfaction elsewhere, which is sin.

But it was not enough for this to happen only at the beginning. When Jesus begins to announce his message, he calls for conversion: “Repent, for the Kingdom of Heaven is near.” [footnote 15] We hear this phrase and it sounds as if it were painted on a wall somewhere. But Jesus does not say it that way, as a generic appeal, as if to say: “It’s the beginning of Lent, so repent.” He puts a presence before people. Those who see him go to touch his cloak, listen to his words, and all are amazed: “He speaks with authority, not like the scribes!” The Kingdom is not an abstract word! It is so real, so incarnate, that the humanity of those who encounter him comes face to face with a presence. Then, yes, the desire to convert arises. It is not: “Now I have to do penance.” It is that you cannot help but want to go back to listen to someone like that, hoping to find him at the synagogue: “I hope he is there today!” Or all those who are sick, who go to see him to be healed.

It was enough to encounter him. Because, says Giussani, “Christianity, being a present Reality, will have as its instrument of knowledge only the evidence of an experience.” [footnote 16]

Like falling in love: being a present Reality, it communicates itself only through the evidence of an experience I have when I meet the person I love. Without this, nothing will be interesting. Because conversion, as Newman says, is precisely this “motion of affection” [footnote 17] that you perceive within yourself when you find someone like that.

“Conversion,” says Giussani, “is recognizing Him. […] This ‘recognizing’ is a dense, total moment. An hour later, the next day, you find yourself—not changed, but having made the same mistake again.” Look at this deeply human way of describing the path of conversion: “Conversion is like the story of the Samaritan woman who goes to draw water from the well and finds a man sitting there. Recognizing this man—without knowing him—recognizing this man as something exceptional […] is conversion.” “Give me this water!” She wants it! As soon as she hears someone talking to her about water for which she will not have to keep coming back again and again—she is no fool. She realizes that all the husbands she has had are not enough to satisfy her thirst.

And as soon as someone tells her there is water that satisfies for eternal life: “Give me this water!” It is this recognition that draws out all her desire, all her longing for Him. Conversion is this recognition. “The rest will come in time. It is not said in the Gospel,” Giussani continues, “that the Samaritan woman sent away the sixth man she was with. It is not said that the tax collector, having left the temple, distributed all his possessions to the poor. It is not said. What is said is that he left forgiven: he recognized. To recognize: anyone who diminishes the importance of this word is guilty of grave moral superficiality and coarseness, even if he is of exceptional intelligence.” But it is coarse. “To recognize You: I recognize You, O Christ. […] The Samaritan woman, without saying so, as she heard him speak, said ‘You.’ She did not think of the five husbands she had had and the sixth man she was with. For a moment she forgot about them! And the tax collector in front of the temple was so taken that he said, ‘You, O God,’ and did not list his merits like the Pharisee. […] Andrew and John, who followed him, almost intimidated, and when Jesus turned and said, ‘What are you looking for?’—they did not say ‘You.’ They said, ‘Teacher, where do you live?’ But it was a ‘You.’ And when they returned and said, ‘We have found the Messiah,’ it was this ‘You’ that filled their faces and their hearts.”

The Samaritan woman, without saying so, saw this. And John and Andrew, and all the others. “I am not talking about nuns or priests,” Giussani continues. “I am talking about the baptized whom He has called,” like Peter: “Simon, do you love me?” And he concludes: “For this reason, we cannot get caught up in ‘I will do this,’ ‘I will do that,’ ‘I will do better here,’ ‘I will avoid that.’ All of this comes, with the Mystery and with the power of the Spirit, in God’s time.” [footnote 18]

The point is recognizing Him, constantly, when the Lord makes Himself present again and amazes us again! And do not worry—in time, this will win out. Because there is nothing else like it. But it is a path that will slowly persuade us, far more than any moralism in circulation. The only alternative is to grow increasingly discouraged, if conversion is not this recognition, from which one continually starts afresh. Think of Peter, who after yet another failure finds himself in front of someone who leaves him stunned: “Do you love me?” Do you think Peter said, “I’ll try harder tomorrow”? [laughter] Why are you laughing? Because that is the last thing that crosses his mind. He is so amazed to be embraced again that he clings to Him! More and more. And over time, He wins, according to a plan that is not ours. This is why conversion is recognizing Him.

3. How Does This Recognized Presence Become More and More Mine?

The recognized Presence becomes mine if, whatever happens, I enter into every circumstance, every adversity, every challenge with Him before my eyes. If I hold on to that attraction and verify it in my life. Because it is when He becomes incarnate that Jesus begins to become real.

A friend writes to me: “I am married with three grown children. I encountered the Movement in high school, and this story of goodness has accompanied me through every step of my life and still sustains me today. In 2018, I had to go through tremendous pain. My husband left, asked for a separation, and then a divorce. A few months before all this happened, we came together to Milan to meet you and tell you about our struggles. It was the afternoon of June 14, 2017. At the height of my despair, you hugged me and said, ‘Day and night I have sought the love of my soul, day and night I have sought it.’ At the time, those words seemed distant and of little use for the situation I was going through. I went home feeling a bit disappointed. I don’t remember anything else about our conversation.

But in the days and months that followed, as everything collapsed and ended, your words kept echoing clearly and intact within me, giving me the breath I needed to bear the weight and confusion of what was happening to me. I sensed that much more was at stake than saving my marriage. Would my faith withstand the blow of so much pain? Nine years have passed. Today my life has changed. In an uninterrupted and dramatic dialogue with the One I discovered to be my first and only love, I was reborn, and little by little, my home was reborn with me. Today I am happy and at peace: nothing has been lost. To my friends who look at me in amazement and no longer recognize me, I can only say this: ‘Day and night I sought him, and day and night I seek him, the Love of my soul.’ Thank you for showing me the way. You allowed what seemed like an unacceptable circumstance to become the testing ground of my faith, and the place where Christ was able to reach me. There is no other Love to sustain my life and the world.”

It is not enough to “know” this. It must be revealed in experience in order to become ours: “Christianity, being a present Reality, has as its instrument of knowledge the evidence of experience.” Not only for John and Andrew, but now, right before our eyes! For those who simply want to let Him in: to discover Him firsthand and not by hearsay, not to repeat empty phrases, but to experience Who He is, incarnate in our hearts! Because you understand what a “presence” is only when you live it. As the Spanish philosopher Fernando Savater says: to love is when “you stop living for something and live for someone.” He discovered this when he lost his wife. You can tell it is a “presence” because when it is missing, he says, “nothing has any flavor.” [footnote 19] For many, Christ is missing and nothing changes. He is so much a “mere name,” so disembodied, that nothing changes. But if you have a real experience, when He is missing, “nothing has any flavor.”

Only when such an experience emerges from the depths do you see that Christ has begun to become flesh in your life. You miss Him. You feel His absence when He is not there.

The Beatitudes—as the liturgy of these days continued to present them—have placed this possibility before us, for anyone unwilling to settle for less than everything their heart desires and waits for as fulfillment. Because they are the only realistic answer to what we are: “Blessed are the poor, the meek, those who mourn, those who hunger and thirst, those who are persecuted.” Nothing is discarded! Nothing is left out! Because we can see that only he is able to respond to this hunger and thirst. He does not ask us to cut anything from our humanity! He calls the poor, those who hunger and thirst, those who are persecuted, “blessed”—fortunate! But is this crazy? Or is it true? Right there, where you least expect it—as in the testimony we have just read—right there, he can bring forth all his power and give new life to a person in whatever situation they were living.

When a girl heard the Beatitudes, she said to me: “Having this drama inside me, I could not listen to the Gospel in a formal way. The wound inside me made me understand that this is a proposal for my life today. If I did not need you, Christ, I would not realize who you are and how much you are everything to me!”

The whole point is this: when this becomes ours, we also become witnesses to others. I will conclude with words from Ratzinger: “The early Christians simply called themselves ‘the living’ (hoi zōntes). They had found what everyone seeks: life itself, life in its fullness and therefore indestructible. But how can this be achieved?” Only through a relationship with him, who introduces us to this knowledge. What is eternal life? “Not just any knowledge is the key to life,” Ratzinger continues. Eternal life is “that they may know you, the only true God, and the one you have sent, Jesus Christ.” [footnote 20] This is a kind of synthetic formula of faith—the knowledge given to us by faith. Christians do not believe in a multiplicity of things.

They believe, ultimately, simply in God, in God as Father. They believe there is only one true God. This God, however, makes himself accessible to us in the One he sent, Jesus Christ. In the encounter with him, that knowledge of God takes place which becomes communion and thus becomes “life.” [footnote 20] Life! Life in abundance! “I came that they may have life, and have it abundantly!” [footnote 21] This is the conversion to which Lent invites us—not the image we have made of it, but this life! This is why St. Augustine says: “Blessed, fortunate is he who has what he wants and wants nothing evil.” [footnote 22] Because St. Augustine knows that there is no adequate response unless it fulfills the desire each of us has. The real reason why a man “wants nothing evil” is because he already has everything “he wants.”

We can only be converted if, living in this superabundance that fills us with everything we want, we do not need to do foolish things. Everything is turned upside down. Christ came only for this reason. We see it happening to the prodigal son: at a certain point, he gets fed up with his situation. And his father lets him go. He lets him go because he must discover this for himself! Sermons are not enough. Moralizing is not enough. The father does not send the police after him. He lets him go because he wants him to discover it from the depths of his own experience and to feel a desperate longing to return to him.

This is conversion. Do what you believe you should do, but it will not be enough to truly persuade you. If this Presence does not take on more and more life within us, we can do a thousand things, but no “multiplicity of things” will suffice. Only one Presence, only “the Love of my soul” will be able to fulfill us.

And we discover which presence, without confusing it with anything else, precisely because of its ability to fulfill us. There are not many who fulfill us. And so we see that the reality of Christ becomes transparent to us in experience. Not in our “theologies,” not in our “religious thoughts,” but in experience. Only experience can persuade a human being that it is he, after all, who fulfills us. It is he who makes me myself. “The life of man,” says St. Thomas, “consists in the affection that principally sustains him and in which he finds his greatest satisfaction.” [footnote 23]

Only a faith that is verified within life and that makes it shine can answer Dostoevsky’s question today.
F. Dostoevsky, The Demons, in E. Lo Gatto (ed.), Notebooks for "The Demons," Sansoni, Florence 1958, p. 1011.

  1. L. Giussani, The Educational Risk, Rizzoli, Milan 2014, p. 20.

  2. Ibid.

  3. Ibid.

  4. M. Buber, The Way of Man, Qiqajon, Magnano 1998, p. 59.

  5. J. Ratzinger, "Faith and Theology Today," in Encyclopedia of Christianity, De Agostini, Novara 1997, p. 30.

  6. L. Giussani, At the Origin of the Christian Claim, BUR Rizzoli, Milan 2025, p. 3.

  7. S. Weil, The First Root, SE, Milan 1990, p. 96.

  8. See J.P. Sartre, Being and Nothingness, Il Saggiatore, Milan 2014.

  9. Augustine, Confessions, Book XIII, 8.9.

  10. L. Giussani, Affection and Dwelling, BUR Rizzoli, Milan 2001, pp. 44–45.

  11. Leo XIV, Address to the Bishops of the Italian Episcopal Conference, Vatican, June 17, 2025.

  12. Leo XIV, Letter to the Presbytery of the Archdiocese of Madrid on the occasion of the "Convivium" presbyteral assembly, Vatican, February 9, 2026.

  13. Jn 1:29.

  14. Mt 3:2.

  15. L. Giussani, Avvenimento di libertà, Marietti 1820, Genoa 2002, p. 190.

  16. J.H. Newman, "Private Judgment," in Essays Critical & Historical, II, Longmans, Green and Co., London–New York–Bombay 1907, p. 338.

  17. L. Giussani, Spiritual Exercises of the Fraternity (1991), in Id., An Event in the Life of Man, BUR Rizzoli, Milan 2020, pp. 42–45.

  18. A. Jaume, "El amor, según Fernando Savater," The Objective (https://theobjective.com/cultura/2025-12-06/amor-segun-fernando-savater/).

  19. J. Ratzinger–Benedict XVI, Jesus of Nazareth. From the Entry into Jerusalem to the Resurrection, LEV, Vatican City, 2011, pp. 98–99.

  20. Jn 10:10.

  21. Augustine, De Trinitate, 13, 5.8.

  22. Thomas Aquinas, Summa Theologiae, IIa, IIae, q. 179, a. 1 co.

Julián Carrón

Julián Carrón, born in 1950 in Spain, is a Catholic priest and theologian. Ordained in 1975, he obtained a degree in Theology from Comillas Pontifical University. Carrón has held professorships at prestigious institutions, including the Catholic University of the Sacred Heart in Milan. In 2004, he moved to Milan at the request of Fr. Luigi Giussani, founder of Communion and Liberation. Following Giussani's death in 2005, Carrón became President of the Fraternity of Communion and Liberation, a position he held until 2021. Known for his work on Gospel historicity, Carrón has published extensively and participated in Church synods, meeting with both Pope Benedict XVI and Pope Francis.

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The Humanity We Were Given

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