Humanity Is Always Possible

Silhouette of a solitary person walking through a dark arched tunnel toward bright, foggy daylight, representing human freedom and navigating the limits of power.

A striking black-and-white image featuring a lone silhouette walking along a reflective path from the deep shadows of an arched concrete tunnel toward an opening filled with bright, diffused, foggy light.

Authority leaves room for the other and helps them grow, whereas power that becomes domination crushes the person. You can always say no; you can always assert the humanity that is about to be denied you.
— Marta Cartabia
Marta Cartabia | Fernando De Haro Humanity is always possible

Fernando De Haro - Marta Cartabia - Humanity is always possible.

Last July in La Thuile, in the Italian Alps, Marta Cartabia — former president of the Italian Constitutional Court and former Minister of Justice — sat down with the Spanish journalist Fernando de Haro, director of paginasdigital.com. The conversation became a reflection on the “culture of power” we live in, on the limits of power, on the power of human limitation, and on the resistance of freedom, which is always possible. The text keeps the character of a spoken dialogue; the written version has been edited only as much as readability required.

Fernando de Haro

How do we live? How do we live in such a way that the intuition, the certainty of the infinite value of the mystery of my I, stays alive and is not smothered by a lack of contact with reality? How do we live in a world where freedom is a scarcer and scarcer commodity? How do we live in a world where the culture of power is this strong? That is what we are here to talk about.

With us is Marta Cartabia, former president of the Constitutional Court and former Minister of Justice. She is well known, in Spain and internationally, for her commitment to democracy. A few months ago I was in northern Nigeria shooting a documentary, and I interviewed many women who had been abducted by Boko Haram, a jihadist group. It was a searing experience: I listened to twenty abducted women who had suffered every kind of violence. It is one instance of what the Pope describes in his encyclical: the culture of power. Pope Leo writes, “The culture of power is a culture in which the availability of means and the capacity to dominate set the agenda and the criteria for decisions.” This is not only geopolitics; it reaches into our everyday lives. Through my work as a journalist I try to do exactly that: to tell these stories. Marta’s work is constitutional, and it takes her around the world to examine the troubles of democracy. So the first question is this: the people sitting in front of us right now are neither journalists nor constitutional scholars, so why should they care about any of this? Why does it matter?

Marta Cartabia

When I got here, someone told me about the question you have been asking yourselves: How do we live? A question asked not in the abstract, but with the full weight of a life’s wounds. With life’s own emergencies burning in front of us, why spend an afternoon thinking about power and about what is happening in the world?

We are living through a genuine turning point in history. A few years ago the situation was completely different: we did not live in a world where a new war breaks out every minute. We did not live in a time when one day a president wakes up and decides to buy a country, the next day wants to buy another, then invades a third, and in the meantime topples a head of state. What we face every day is a way of exercising power that, for someone in my line of work, is disorienting and unsettling. The world order we inherited, the one we have lived inside of, looks irreparably overturned. But why should that interest us?

For one thing, the fact that the Pope himself is worried about it is already a sign that there may be a reason to pay attention. Magnifica Humanitas is about artificial intelligence, true, but it is also, at length, about the “culture of power” that dominates our moment. The Pope’s attention to the culture of power, and his insistence on it, suggests to me that understanding the context we are in helps us understand ourselves. We are steeped in a mentality that works its way into us without our noticing, because what happens on the big screen of geopolitics hits us square on. Think about it: the first big news of this era, the first signs of the great upheavals — February 24, 2022 (the attack on Ukraine), October 7, 2023 (the Hamas attack in Israel, then the reprisals in Gaza) — shook us at the time, some of us to the core. Today we open the paper and barely look up. A strike on Iran, peace with Iran, another strike tomorrow; Hormuz opens, Hormuz closes. By now it is background noise that no longer interests us, no longer touches us. Does that strike you as normal? Does it seem normal that events like the ones Fernando describes, Boko Haram, made the news years ago and today do not even reach the front page? These are extremely grave facts, and history will record the 73,000 dead in Gaza, the 20,000 Ukrainian civilians killed, the deported Ukrainian children, everything happening in the world. In other words, the first sign that all of this is getting to us is that we have grown jaded. War, conflict, force as the ordinary currency between states — all of it has been normalized. And we are living through an earthquake: even if the drones are not falling on our heads, we still see the aftershocks, and we will see more of them. For now maybe it is only the price of gas, but where does this overturning of the world order lead? Taking the measure of it is first of all a matter of realism, because sooner or later, one way or another, it will reach us where we live.

Faced with this habit of letting the surrounding mentality soak into us, Giussani spoke of the “Chernobyl effect,” because the transformation of your I happens without your noticing, without your perceiving that you are getting sick, while day by day you fade a little more. And are we not fading a little in front of the gravity of what is happening in the world? Pasolini called it “the great cultural homogenization”: you never notice it, but you build a picture of life out of whatever is in the air, in the media, in public talk. One of the experiences that marked me most in recent years was my visit to Platform 21 with Liliana Segre. Platform 21 is the track at Milan’s central station from which the trains left for Auschwitz. She had a single word set at the entrance in enormous letters: indifference. Because in the end, she says, what happened — and we know how much it outrages us, how unbearable it still is to think back on it — was able to happen because of the indifference in which the whole thing unfolded. Yes, there were masterminds; there is a handful of tyrants, as the Pope said at one point; but there is also a great deal of getting used to it, a great deal of indifference. Arendt said that “the ideal subjects are not those who are ideologically convinced, but those who can no longer distinguish good from evil,” the ones who let things slide off them, who are no longer even wounded by the facts in front of them, because that is just how the world goes.

So the first answer, in my view, is that this “culture of power” the Pope talks about is the culture we are steeped in. It is the culture that not only lets the gravity of what happens in the world wash over us, which we watch almost from a distance, but that also becomes, in a way, our own way of handling things. The “culture of power,” which shows itself flagrantly in wars, in polarization, in the spread of violence, “penetrates society, altering relationships and behaviors” (Magnifica Humanitas, 185, 188). Those with more means — economic, technological, more power, more authority — tend to dominate, crushing the other. Humanity slides toward a violent culture of power made of threats, of fear, of the appetite for possession, of hegemonic ambition, of abuse, of permanent and pervasive conflict. Aggression, anxiety, fear, insecurity are the symptoms: when you are up against a powerful external power, a sense of helplessness sets in, and it generates anxiety, but also a great deal of anger and resentment. Let us stop for a second and consider how present that helplessness is in our daily relationships, a feeling that immediately makes you want to dump your anger, your resentment, your aggression on someone else: at work, in the family, even with strangers. In my view, you can see it any day of the week. My job keeps me close to the news. The crime stories in Italy lately are striking for the sheer uncontrolled aggression they reveal: a jeweler who answers a robbery with two killings and a third attempt is not first of all a political problem about self-defense — I have no wish whatsoever to open that debate here — it is a cultural problem. What kind of anger is that? Doesn’t the fact itself strike you as enormous? Or take one that drew less attention: in Sardinia, a young man goes and kills a man in cold blood because the man had been in a motorcycle accident with his sister, because nobody touches his sister, and so he kills him. And so on: every day the papers linger over stories like these. I am not trying to sort out who is right and who is wrong here. What seems important to me instead is the escalation of violence we are living in. Faced with these facts, maybe we should stop long enough to realize that if we do not recognize the climate of violence around us, that way of living will infect us and become the way we act.

But there is a second reason it matters to talk about what surrounds us, and it is the reason that interests me more. Sometimes we feel a detachment from what is happening — in Ukraine, in Iran — partly because underneath we are thinking, “We would never act that way.” In other words, that is what people with power do. Not us; we are different. Or else we feel helpless: these are events we experience as far away, enormous, out of scale, remote from the concerns of our daily lives. So let me tell you something from experience. At certain points in my life I have found myself in the control room, that is, working inside institutions: at the Constitutional Court, at the Ministry of Justice, and now at the Venice Commission. I can tell you that what struck me most in those experiences is that the dynamic by which you handle “power,” the thing we picture when we say the word, is no different from the dynamic by which you handle everyday relationships in your family, with your students, with your next-door neighbor. The dynamic is exactly the same. The effects are different, because you are holding something that amplifies your attitude and because the result is always public. But how you are and how you make your decisions never changes. Whether it is a decision of national or international weight, a condo association matter, where and how to go on vacation, or how to run a choir and the singing in a community, the dynamic is the same. Why is that? I happened to read a passage in the last few weeks that makes a very true and very basic observation: “The people who start wars have the same nature we do, they have the same problems we do. Whether we quarrel with the people closest to us or make war on each other” — maybe over some trivial argument where we cannot even explain ourselves and we go for each other’s throats — “it is for the same reason that, when you hold power, you try to fulfill yourself by invading a country or throwing the international scene into chaos, because at the origin of war there is a war we are waging inside ourselves.” For me it is literally like that. Those are Fr. Julián Carrón’s words: whether the stakes are large or small, whether it is the fate of the world, of your country, of Europe, or of your family, your friends, your community, it makes no difference, the dynamic is the same. If there is a dissatisfaction, a frustration, a lack you want to fill by your own means and with your own power, what you produce is the destruction of everything around you. Only if we find something that gives us peace inside, something that lets us live in a certain serenity no matter what happens, does it stop mattering whether you are insulted or not, attacked or not, backed by your friends or left on your own: it does not matter, if you are at peace with yourself. Only then, when you handle somewhat more powerful tools, are you not destructive; instead, ironically, you try to build, to ring whatever bells can still be rung, as Leonard Cohen reminds us. That is, to do what you can to put together a fragment of civilization where people can be better off. But the dynamic is identical.

Fernando de Haro

Listening to you, I was thinking that when I try to understand a war, being able to go there myself helps enormously. Having the keys to geopolitics is better still. But for some time now what I have found is that you understand a war if you take the point of view of the human heart. The fear, the sense of injustice suffered, the cycle of injustice suffered, the desire to settle the score that turns into violence. And in that sense I recognize myself completely in what you are saying.

Marta Cartabia

I think your observation is exactly right, and in my view, at the origin of war, that is, when you and I attack the other, there is always a dehumanization. Hatred does not see the other’s face. The enemy is not the person you look in the eye, not the mother who lost her child, not the person who is afraid; the enemy is an abstraction, the product of turning someone into a thing. So if you do not let yourself take in the human atmosphere a conflict gives off, even war turns into a big political game. You can understand a war only by putting yourself in the place of the others and recovering the full humanity of the people caught in it.

Fernando de Haro

On indifference, I think it is worth pausing, because that too is surely an effect of power. I am talking about the distance between the I and the facts. Let me tell you my experience. When I go into conflict zones I am very involved emotionally. I am there to see, say, what organized crime does to life in Mexico, and when I come back I react with an emotion that keeps me following the news from the places I have been. But over time the reaction weakens. If it all comes down to an impression, you find that power makes you forget the facts you had in front of your own eyes. That force, that way power operates, strikes me as an invitation not to have an experience. Power invites you not to have an experience. In what sense? Not to judge. I like this, I don’t like that, this is terrible — but if you do not judge, if you do not take the impact of the facts, nothing takes root in you. And this question of experience seems to me very important for telling authority and power apart. In this global crisis, plenty of people are claiming not the power of someone elected president, but power over conscience, power over persons. In fact, we were talking earlier about someone who says to you, “I will answer your question about how to live.” The dynamic of identity movements looks to me driven by that impulse. In your view, what are the criteria for distinguishing authority from power? And why does it matter, nationally, internationally, personally, to be able to judge authority and power?

Marta Cartabia

I have little of my own to add here, except what I learned in settings exactly like these: power and authority look like the same thing, in the sense that someone makes decisions that then affect everyone. But power that becomes domination, that is, a decision that crushes the person, is a power that does not reckon with the freedom of the other. Authority, on the other hand — we have heard this a million times, and still it bears repeating — has augere at its etymological root: it makes the other grow. Authority leaves room for the other and makes him grow. And that is not only about the life of communities, about schools and other educational settings. It holds in the places of power too, including political power. I think one of the finest things I got to do during my time at the Ministry was to set up the framework for restorative justice in Italy, something I believe in deeply, still unfinished, still being implemented, but not stalled. Why do I remember that one? Because it did not come out of my head, and it was not a decision I imposed. I simply discovered what restorative justice was through the experience of my friends Adolfo Ceretti, Claudia Mazzucato, Agnese Moro, and Franco Bonisoli. I saw the difference it could make in people’s lives. I learned from what already existed, and the moment I had the chance I said to myself, “Well, maybe we can do something to back this thing that started from the ground up and make it an opportunity for everyone.” For me that is what power is for: spotting the experiences that work, backing them, moving them forward, and putting the means in place so they can last. That said, when you hold public office you obviously use power too, in the sense that at that point I could bring a bill to Parliament, count on the parties’ consensus, and so on. It is not that power in itself is a bad thing. But it is one thing to use power so that the people in front of you can flourish, and another to use a power that oppresses, that crushes. Criminal law is probably where the difference shows most clearly: punitive power that only represses, that answers even very grave acts with repression alone, is a power that has to be used to stop an imminent danger, but if it stops there it does nobody any good. Locking up the people who committed the crime gives society nothing but momentary relief unless it comes with a path that lets the person who commits crimes really choose a different life. That is especially true with the young. The policies being pushed right now aim to use repressive power ever more harshly. All of it will be wasted unless it comes with a path that lets these kids see something else, imagine a different future for themselves. Repression will not get us far even by its own measure, which is greater security. If prison is not an occasion for change, these kids will sit there two months, two years, and then, once they are out, they will go back to doing what they did before, or worse. With young people it is obvious that locking them up is not enough. What Fr. Claudio Burgio does with his kids, on the other hand, seems to me to show exactly this difference between power and authority.

On one side there is power as a way of forcing: I stop you from doing certain things. With prison you go all the way to restricting physical freedom, which is the strongest form power takes. On the other side there is an authority that bets on their freedom, that stands next to these kids, that looks for new languages to reach them, that gets them studying or offers them a job, that proposes a path where they come to see what they did, with nothing papered over, and that at the same time gives them another chance. It is a completely different world. I have drawn these examples from my institutional experience, but every one of us can verify this distinction between power and authority. Over my working life, I remember that with some people work meant absorbing a string of orders and abuses of power; with others, even when there were constraints to respect and demands that made me do things I would rather not have done, it made me grow. I think that holds in every environment, in every setting. Go talk to a priest who tells you, “Ah, but you were wrong to do that,” and then to another who takes your human point of view seriously and helps you take a step forward. In other words, I think each of us, thinking hard about our relationships with a figure of authority, can tell where power smothers freedom and where, instead, it makes us grow. One small note, Fernando: to my surprise, though it is not really much of a surprise, this idea of power-as-domination is very popular; in the end, people like it. Why? That popularity raises a pile of questions for me. How is it possible not to rebel against a form of power that keeps getting more oppressive? At work, in any field, in the family, in personal relationships.

Fernando de Haro

When it happens to me, it is out of a lack of self-esteem.

Marta Cartabia

Exactly. Freedom, in the end, takes effort. That is what makes this proliferation of forms of power possible: in the end you hand your problems to someone else so you can set down your own responsibility. It is as if we said, “Sure, go ahead, you take care of it; I’ll just do as I’m told.” Power spreads because an attitude spreads: expecting nothing of yourself. Rereading chapter 8 of At the Origin of the Christian Claim, the part about the value of the person that Jesus reveals, a value rooted in a direct and irreducible relationship with the Mystery, I thought of Dostoevsky’s legend of the Grand Inquisitor. Jesus comes back to earth in Seville in 1600 and is exiled by the Grand Inquisitor because he has come to disturb the work of the Church. Why does he disturb it? Because he holds man in such esteem that he believes in his freedom. At a certain point the Inquisitor says, “In giving him freedom, you demanded too much of man. If you had esteemed man less, you would have demanded less. Man is weak and cowardly; he does not want freedom. He wants to live in peace.” The Inquisitor drives Jesus out because he would reawaken man’s freedom and desire for happiness: “If anyone deserves our stake more than all the rest, it is You, because You have come to disturb us.” In the end there is no stake, but Jesus is driven out: “Go, and never come back, never again.”

Whoever esteems the person believes in freedom. Think of how we behave with our children. If I look at my son and say, “Choose your own road, whatever it turns out to be,” I can do that because I know he will find his road. If I do not esteem him, if I am afraid, if I am anxious, then I hand him instructions: “Do this, do that, do this, do that; better do this, better do that.” And he will grow up very weak.

Fernando de Haro

You were talking about the virtuous use of power and the abuse of power. Which brings us to limits. Constitutions are limits on power. Why does it matter that power have limits?

Marta Cartabia

Because we are human beings.

Fernando de Haro

But look at the whole international trend in democracy, where someone reaches office and says, “I won the election; all the power is mine.” That is the first question: the limit of power. Then comes the power of the limit. You were speaking about the value of the individual, of the person. Magnifica Humanitas made a strong impression on me where the Pope treats the limit in a positive sense, where he says that every life is marked by crises but that we can live better not by getting around the limit but through it. He sees the limit as the place where the human shows its full force. On one side we need a limit for power; on the other we have the force of the human as a limited being.

Marta Cartabia

So there are two questions, and they are obviously tied tightly together. On the first, in my view, this loss of the sense of the limit is what marks our time. At least from where I sit, watching how the structures of power get organized. Constitutional law studies the structures of power and their limits. A short explanation is in order here. When the constitutions were all rewritten after the Second World War, when the European Union, the Council of Europe, the European Convention on Human Rights, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, everything that framed the world we have lived in until now, came into being, one concern dominated, and it came straight out of what had just happened; we hardly need to review what the two world wars and the totalitarian regimes had been. The dominant concern was to build structures of power that were limited enough, because people saw clearly the risk that power, placed in human hands, becomes an instrument of abuse. There is a magnificent testimony from one of the protagonists — we jump to a later period, but the dynamic is the same as postwar Europe’s — when South Africa came out of apartheid. One of the witnesses is Albie Sachs, who later became a constitutional judge; he is white, and he was a freedom fighter. At a certain point they understood they were about to take over the whole country, and he had to stand up at his party’s congress and explain why he wanted a Constitution that would impose limits on the people who were going to exercise power, starting with the recognition of the rights of the person, inviolable by any power whatsoever.

He says he was very tense, because of course, after years of repression, the Black population is tempted to take power in order to assert itself, to take revenge. A humanly understandable reaction, all the more since Black South Africans had suffered a great deal of abuse, to put it mildly. And still Albie Sachs won everyone over when he presented his draft Constitution in these terms: “We have seen what power does not only to those in the minority, but also to those who hold it. We want limits on power to protect ourselves from ourselves, because we know we are not immune to the risk of abusing it.” This is a man who paid a high price: exile, prison, an attack in which he lost an arm and an eye. And there too, when he was attacked, his comrades in the party came to him and said, “Albie, don’t worry, we will avenge you,” and he answered, “How are you going to avenge me? Do you think I fought and went through all this to create a South Africa of men and women without arms and without eyes? You will not avenge me. We fought not for power but for freedom.” That is the spirit in which our constitutions were written, in which Europe was founded. No more absolute powers. Even though the sovereign today is the people, wearing the face of the citizen, and no longer a sovereign in ermine holding a scepter, the people cannot exercise absolute power, because in a free country, in a democracy, there is never an absolute lord. Our Constitution says so in its very first line: “Italy is a democratic republic; sovereignty” — a strong word, because it evokes absolute power — “belongs to the people, who exercise it in the forms and within the limits of the Constitution.” What is missing today in the crises of democracies, and it is the same cause that led to the wars, is a total intolerance of the idea of a limit. Democracy gets reduced to a popular rubber stamp for whoever is governing. Exactly as you put it, Fernando: “The people chose me, so from now on I call the shots.” Yet at the origin of our constitutions the sense of the limit was so clear that it produced new legal structures: rigid constitutions, constitutional courts, and a whole set of guardrails, independent bodies meant to guarantee that the people holding power govern within limits.

Notice that the word limit is not a synonym for obstacle. Over the course of history it became not only the limes that marks the border but also the fortified road you can walk in safety. So much so that there are limits even on popular mandates: why can’t we re-elect the president of Catalonia, or of Lombardy, for the twentieth time?

Because power decays, because we are human beings, because we are not omnipotent, and because something on this score has been lost in our culture.

Fernando de Haro

Maybe this sensibility that has lost the need to limit power has to do with a lack of self-esteem, including toward our own limits.

Marta Cartabia

Yes, I think we suffer from an inability to see what the limit can produce, to see that it is inside the limit that something new can be born. As the Pope says in Magnifica Humanitas, the limit tends to get treated as a defect to be corrected. In my view we do not fully believe that the limit is our road. Deep down, we think that without limits we would be happier. Why, on the contrary, is it true that the limit can be the crack where an unexpected light gets in? When a project of yours fails, when you become aware of the disproportion between the task handed to you and your capacities, when you know your strength is what it is, something happens that gets lost in the moments when you are very sure of yourself. (Fragility lives in us right alongside presumption: the Albie Sachses and the Trumps, so to speak. We are inhabited by contradictory characters.) But when we really feel our helplessness, something happens that would not happen otherwise: the heart and the mind open. You see roads, possibilities, ways through, people to talk to, allies you would not otherwise see. When you are very sure of yourself, you keep repeating yourself. When you are in a position of weakness, you look like a child, don’t you? Last week we read the passage about King Solomon. He was a boy when they put him on the throne of Israel, and before him the great King David had reigned. What a sense of disproportion! And in that situation God asks him, “What do you want?” And he answers, “A docile heart.” But what would we ask of a God who came to visit us? Probably to take our limits away, to give us a little more strength, a little more health, to remove a problem, to settle a work question about a child, to fix a hard situation. But when would we ever ask for “a docile heart”?

Let me put it in secular terms, with an image that lodged itself in my mind. I don’t know how many of you saw the film Hamnet, which I think is one of the most powerful in a long time. The story in Hamnet turns decisively at the moment when Agnes does not want to go to London to see her husband’s play; she is hesitating, torn, angry, furious, grieving, wrecked. She turns to her brother and asks, “What am I supposed to do?” And he answers, “Our mother only ever told us one thing: always keep your heart open.” That is where the film changes course completely, because she is the one who changes. For me that is the crux: I have seen horizons open that I would never have imagined in my life, and only in the moments when the heart really opened, this heart that always tends to close in on itself a little. Hamnet uses the word heart the way Solomon does. Benedict XVI commented on the episode of Solomon by observing that a docile heart is an open reason. Reason and affection: an open attitude. The heart is certainly not only emotion, but it is also more than rationalist reason; it is exactly the attitude of the person, it is affectivity and reason, the whole person put into a state of waiting. To me that is the exact opposite of the use of power that crushes. Let me use another image I am fond of, one that has kept me company: Creon in Antigone. He refuses burial to Antigone’s brother because he is a traitor, but the whole people, after she has broken the law in the name of a higher law, tries to convince him not to kill her. The last attempt comes from his son Haemon, who says to Creon, “Allow yourself to change your mind. Even the reeds at the river’s edge hold on if they bend; if they push back, they break.” That, to me, is the real question of the force of the limit: underneath it all we are tense, rigid in our ways, until something really forces us to say, “No, here I truly need it.”

Fernando de Haro

And that is where the power of need appears. It seems we are nearing the end, but there is a central question here about the moment we are living. On one side there is the whole crisis, and we see things that are truly foreign to us; on the other side, all this need, all this desire, is surfacing. In Spain it is very present, above all in the secular world, where people talk openly about the need for meaning; in a way the secular world is more religious than the religious world. I love the way the heart comes through in the lyrics of Rosalía’s latest album, Lux, a very powerful cry that says, “Love me.” There is all that force emerging in the middle of this crisis, from a heart that is clear about its own need. I began with the story of those women from Boko Haram. One interview stayed with me: a girl abducted when she was seven. At first she would not speak, and it took us two days to do the interview. I asked her, “Why did you run away?” “Because they wanted to marry me off. And that life was not a real life, it was not a life for me; I had to run.” What a heart. And what an immense desire in a little girl who spent ten years in a Quranic school. When power throws its weight around, she says, “No, I would rather risk my life than do what power orders me to do.” Six of them ran; four made it, two died. I don’t know whether I am overreaching by trying to find something positive in it. What do you think?

Marta Cartabia

That account is arresting. If we do not go that far, in my opinion, we stay in abstractions. What you say about that girl is arresting, all the more because Boko Haram does not exactly have, how should I put it, a gentle way of persuading anyone of the goodness of Islam. And still this little girl, on whom violence was worked, more by brainwashing than by physical repression, manages to say, “This is not a life for me, I would rather run,” risking everything. It reminds me powerfully of an episode Liliana Segre has told publicly, from when she was thirteen. She was at Auschwitz, but she got there near the end, when the Allies were closing in. At that point the Nazis decided to move the Jews from Auschwitz to another camp, on a very long march that was meant to be a death march, and the whole way Liliana had an SS commander beside her who abused her and beat her. Picture that moment: with the Nazis feeling cornered, it was even worse. They reached the new camp, and the Allies already held it. So the SS commander, in a last move to save himself, took off his uniform and threw his weapons on the ground. And Liliana Segre says, “It lasted a fraction of a second, but I was tempted to pick up that weapon and shoot him. I did not do it, and that is the moment I became the free woman I am today.” For me that is where the extraordinary character of the human sits: you can be under the most hateful power, and I do not think anyone can imagine worse than Boko Haram or the SS, and your humanity still has the possibility of betting on freedom and being human, or else of becoming like them. We sang “La nuova Auschwitz,” by Chieffo, a little while ago. It is something nobody can ever take from you, and something only you can put at stake. It belongs to the human possibility of the person, to the responsibility of the person, always and in every circumstance. You can always say no. You can always affirm a humanity that is about to be denied you. This whole discussion of power, if it did not arrive here, would be, in my opinion, simply a death sentence for us. Are we sunk in a system, destined to conform? We are not. I do not know the name of that young Nigerian woman, but let us keep the stories of these two women in our hearts, as traveling companions.

Fernando de Haro

The girl’s name is Maria. We began by saying that we wanted to ask the question seriously: How do we live? It seems to me that after listening to Marta we should not rush to answer it. We need to live with the question, because our freedom is at stake, our life is at stake, the possibility of meeting a gaze that opens a road toward freedom is at stake.

Fernando De Haro

Fernando de Haro is a Spanish journalist, academic, and radio director at COPE. With degrees in journalism, law, and a PhD in information science, he's known for documentaries on Christian persecution. De Haro explores religion's role in society through his media work and publications, including a book on Don Giussani's life.

Next
Next

Venezuela: Searching for Life Amid the Rubble