Alive but Dead Inside

A man seen in silhouette stands before a bright window, surrounded by darkness, evoking solitude, reflection, waiting, and the search for light.

Man Standing Before a Bright Window

They say AI won’t rebel against humans. The point is it’s designed so humans won’t.
— Eugenio Mazzarella
Eugenio Mazzarella | Alessandra Stoppa Alive but dead inside.
Los zombis y la presencia
Les zombies et la présence
Zombie e la Presenza

Eugenio Mazzarella in an interview with Alessandra Stoppa - Alive, but Dead Inside: The Philosopher Who Says AI Is Built So We Won't Rebel

“They say AI won’t rebel against humans. The point is that it’s designed so that humans won’t rebel.” A conversation with philosopher Eugenio Mazzarella on Magnifica Humanitas and his Critique of Digital Reason.

Eugenio Mazzarella, Full Professor at the Federico II University of Naples

“However far you walk, even if you were to travel the whole path, you could never find the boundaries of the soul: so deep is its lògos.” “If Heraclitus is right,” writes Eugenio Mazzarella, there are good reasons to “hope that not even the digital realm can ‘confine’ these boundaries of the soul.”

Here, for him—Professor Emeritus of Theoretical Philosophy at the Federico II University of Naples—lies the great contribution of Magnifica Humanitas, because “it reminds us all that we are dealing with a human nature we cannot set aside—unless we end up setting ourselves aside.”

In his incisive and poetic philosophical thought, he defines what we are living through—even before it is a technological turning point with its opportunities and problems—as “a sin against life”: a “true anthropological shock.” It is a landscape of “human disorientation,” where we risk not so much—or not only—failing as a species, but continuing to exist as zombies, alive but dead inside: failing existentially. A horizon in which there seems to be no more room for the unexpected; everything is prescribed. By others.

Faced with the “great abandonment” of the real in favor of the virtual, he felt the need for a Critique of Digital Reason, the title of his latest book. There are many points of resonance with Leo XIV’s first encyclical, which he considers “a fundamental document that, in certain respects, concludes the engagement with technological modernity that began with Vatican II.” At that time, the issue was the emergence of the atomic bomb. “Then came the second great critical anthropological threshold: biotechnology and DNA. Today, we are at the third, with artificial intelligence.”

What is the core issue at the heart of this engagement with technology?

What the world of technology poses for us is fundamentally the age-old problem of not altering—beyond tolerable limits—our natural and spiritual niche of survival, understood as our very humanity, where we can still remember, in the sense of the Latin etymology of re-cordari: to gather in the heart, to keep feeling what we have been, in the hope of still being able to be so.

In your view, what answer does the encyclical give to this problem?

Magnifica Humanitas offers a well-founded, articulate analysis of it and guides us, so to speak, by pointing out a series of paths toward a constructive relationship with the new dimension of globalized technical ingenuity—which remains, above all, a human ingenuity, and therefore a human responsibility.

With this document, the Church affirms itself as the guardian not only of a depositum fidei, but also—and this is even more significant—of a depositum humanitatis for all people. There is a connection between the two that is intrinsic to the Christian experience of life, because the religion of the Incarnation is also, always, the religion of the place of the Incarnation of the divine: the humanity that we are. In safeguarding its faith, the Church simultaneously safeguards a conception of human nature. And it does so even for those who do not believe. To put it in ancient terms: the Church takes it upon itself to point out to technological humanity—which manipulates it so thoroughly—the limits of tampering with its own nature. Beyond those limits, we risk venturing into senselessness—the dangerous nonsense of the posthuman or the transhuman—and into the loss of our sense of self, at least as we have defined and attained it thus far in our history as “humans,” the humans we still are today.

The encyclical denounces the “misconception” of equating artificial intelligence with human intelligence, and sums it up: “So-called artificial intelligences do not experience anything.” Is that what you mean when you speak of “ontological discontinuity,” also responding to those who foresee machines developing consciousness?

Certainly. The ontological discontinuity stems from the fact that the “intelligent” machine’s imitative performance is limited to one dimension of human rationality: instrumental calculation. But we are not merely—or essentially—this. We certainly perform instrumental calculation, and to a heightened degree, but animals—above all social animals—also have this capacity: bees orient the swarm in relation to the hive; the beaver builds its dam efficiently, by instinct; the bird, its nest. Biological life already practices instrumental rationality, even in the signal exchange of a single biological cell. But we are aware of it. We therefore possess it in an eminent way. We can build machines that imitate and enhance this dimension, even deriving from it—statistically speaking—solutions that are, so to speak, unprecedented, not “predicted” or “deduced” from the open combinatorics of the computational program. None of this, however, means that a machine can be human. “Artificial intelligence” is a linguistic misnomer.

Please explain further.

It was a term chosen to define what was—however enormous—merely computational power. A term that, when AI language programs “converse” with us, easily reinforces the misconception that they can be equated with natural intelligence, or even surpass it. This is true of computation, precisely. But, as we were saying, that is only one of our “competencies.” We are something else. We are a living core of intentional feeling and volition, a capacity to suffer that can set goals for itself and reason them out within a lived moral horizon. We are, so to speak, a plexus, a native “drive-based” complexity—sensory, volitional, noetic—ignited by and within our coming into the world. Not by an on-off switch that supplies power and sets an algorithmic linguistic operation in motion. No machine has access to the dimension of feeling and willing. The ontological discontinuity is radical.

You consider the idea that AI could attain consciousness and manage its dilemmas to be an “illusion,” as well as “a weapon of mass distraction.” At the same time, you speak of a “digital re-ontologization of the world”: why do you claim that the new technologies “intervene in the structure of being”?

The great, pervasive novelty of AI and the related information and communication technologies (ICT) lies in the fact that they manage social language, orienting it in a way that is unprecedented. Previously, this language evolved through interactions of presence—the analog interactions of the community, from the family all the way to the polis. Today, the social community increasingly tends to replace the analog community into which we were born—and into which we continue to be born. The point is that those who hold the keys to social language dictate how we are to speak, how to desire, what to want. They carry out a kind of colonization of human experience. Artificially, we are led, en masse, to speak a language prescribed for us by algorithms, which steers our natural languages toward purposes extrinsic to us. But whoever holds language fundamentally holds the structures of experience, because I experience the world through language. Whoever determines social language governs experience and, in turn, governs the processes of individual and social identification. I become myself in the language I speak, where “language” means that I am told how to desire, what to want, what is right and wrong, without my having to work it out for myself. In this way, one’s personal and relational identity is constructed in a manner that, in certain respects, eludes our capacity to negotiate “private” language with social language—the language in which we come into, and remain in, the world. We are always indebted to the language we speak. But with AI, our room for negotiating with social language—which today grows ever more artificial—has ever fewer chances. Now we risk being entirely directed from outside.

It becomes even more crucial to explore what we mean by “experience.”

We must look at the term “intelligence.” Intus legere means to look within oneself. This looking within—as the construction of interiority—this taking charge of oneself is proper to the human alone. No machine can do it. A machine looks into an enormous mass of data—unmanageable for us—processes it, and organizes it. This, however, does not build a center of interiority. It does not mean being affective agents—that is, feeling; being volitional agents—that is, willing; or being cognitive agents—that is, conscious.

Let’s return to the theme of the manipulation of experience. The philosopher of technology Yuk Hui states: “Don’t worry, AI won’t rebel against humans.” In a way, you answer him in the book: “The point is that AI is designed to keep humans from rebelling”…

AI has no ends of its own. It is designed to fulfill the ends of those who designed it—a techno-financial oligarchy at the helm.

It is this judgment of the “non-neutrality” of these tools that runs throughout the encyclical.

Certainly, but this awareness was already present in the concerns raised by one of the founding fathers of cybernetics, Norbert Wiener, who in the early 1950s feared the inhuman use, by human beings, of other human beings. This is why we can say that AI and ICT shape what Shoshana Zuboff calls “surveillance capitalism”: a society kept under surveillance as painlessly as possible—that is, by extending the power of marketing to the utmost, the hidden persuasion Talcott Parsons already spoke of when defining “the logic of consumption,” through which desires and needs that do not actually exist are induced.

From here we arrive at Zygmunt Bauman’s homo consumens, the “restless swarm of consumers” to be kept in check through these systems. This hidden persuasion has since moved into political marketing, which has been operating for decades but has been hugely amplified by AI. Whoever holds the keys to economic and political marketing holds persuasive control over a society. To this, as we well know, is added the control of force—brute control—through the use of AI in the military industry. When the problem of persuading is played out on the level of political and military confrontation between states, we return to Thrasymachus’s classic paradigm: “What is just is the interest of the stronger.” Only the right of the stronger remains.

We are seeing calls—even from Big Tech itself, as in the recent Anthropic report—for a “global pause” in development, an invitation to “slow down” so as not to lose control over the most advanced systems.

Yes, some players in the digital industry, such as Sam Altman, have spoken about the “risk of extinction” for the human race. Certainly, with weapons systems “armed” with artificial intelligence, such an eventuality cannot be ruled out, because there might not be enough technical time—in a military clash between weapons systems presumed to be intelligent—to assess the response to an attack. The film K-19 tells the story of a “window of reflexivity” that averts the apocalypse when the Russian submarine commander disobeys protocol. Today, given the possibility of hacking, everyone is striving to build impenetrable weapons systems. The problem is that they are impenetrable not only to adversaries but also to those responsible for them. There is a risk of a sort of “instinctive reaction” by the systems. This is by no means a dystopian scenario; it belongs to the same class of problem as nuclear deterrence.

But you also speak of another kind of extinction: the risk of continuing to exist as “the living dead (inside).”

The other meaning of extinction is this: a fading away—not physically, but as if we were zombies. We think we want what we want, but in reality we are wanting what we are told to want, from morning to night.

So what is at stake is our awareness of who we are?

This is a crucial issue. We built our experience in a fundamentally analog world, which now risks becoming an archaeological relic for the young—the digital natives—who came into the world within a social language pervasively shaped by AI. They experience a disabling of their relational lives: they now get to know one another through digital screening, to find out whether they are compatible; and so as not to suffer that aspect of analog affectivity called rejection, they flee the joy of the unpredictable in a fully human encounter. Then, when you enter a relationship of presence without being trained for its openness to all the possibilities of human encounter, and you meet rejection, you must come to terms with the fact that the other is no longer a message you can stop typing or rework… “Switching off” the relationship of presence, in this way, may not simply mean letting it go, but rather what we sometimes read about, in dramatic terms, in the newspapers.

Moreover, levels of digital addiction have become pathological, with tragic examples too—such as the young boy who killed his mother for taking away his cell phone. In our day, they would put a lock on the telephone so that we would study. But if taking away your cell phone is like taking away your soul, then what is at stake is a struggle for one’s very self—a matter of life and death.

In the book, you ask the question: “What is to be done?” How do you answer it?

By saving “presence”—the relationship of presence that is foundational to, and constitutive of, who we are. I believe in the fundamentally political nature of many of these problems, which call for collective decisions. We need to safeguard our analog existential status, without letting the digital implementation of our experience erode our status of presence—or, to put it in Merleau-Ponty’s words, without making us lose “the flesh of the world.” We need to maintain presence to ourselves. What was once taken for granted must now become a political—and, above all, educational—program. I am referring, for example, to placing the utmost value on the in-person teaching relationship, to the creation of social spaces for affective, psychophysical interaction among real individuals. In every possible way. We should have a life that pulls us away from the screen. The smart city of the future that we need is not so much one that will be implemented through digital services, but one that will be built to preserve and nourish community life—as a community of presence.

But this “political game” requires self-awareness, precisely—which always belongs to the individual before it belongs to the collective. The encyclical states: “History can change when even just one man and one woman truly take the dignity of all people seriously.” Where do you see this coming to awareness, and what does it make possible?

I have hope, because they will not be able to take our bodies away from us. Paradoxically, it will be our biological and relational rootedness in a life of flesh with others that saves us from the risk that our rationality might become disembodied—that it might become the mere pursuit of ends that give our being-in-the-world no substance of affectivity. This in Platonic terms. In the terms of the Old and New Testament traditions, we will be saved by the fact that we are the incarnation of the Spirit, in whom He can dwell, in interiore homine, as Truth. We must keep discovering and rediscovering that we owe what we are to our mortal “carnality”—which, even as it hopes in some way not to die, is the very source of our being. Death is not only the “greatest thinker,” as Paul and Kierkegaard held, but also the greatest “activator” of life and of the meaning of life.

Why does death make us aware of living?

Yes, it makes us aware of what our living means. And “eternal” life will not be attained through some performative algorithm—perhaps a system of imperishable machines into which to transfer our mental circuits. Life escapes death by transmitting itself. Life is saved through life, through the giving of life. Life is saved by preserving its generative reasons, not by entrusting itself to an artificial intelligence that would make us eternal in our single narcissistic moment. I become eternal if I pass life on to someone else, who will take up the task of carrying forward, for a stretch of time, this hope of eternity. Some of these great masters of AI, by contrast, are pursuing science-fiction projects of “immortality” for themselves.

It is the attempt of lives that feel so finite that, rather than generate—in terms of hope—they close in on their nihilistic despair, seeking to make eternal nothing but their own ego. The real problem is that, while all this is going on, someone is trying to rule over others—for their own benefit.

Alienation returns. The encyclical echoes Hannah Arendt in saying that “when the question of what is true loses its interest,” we slide “slowly but inexorably toward totalitarianism,” whose ideal subject is one who no longer distinguishes between fact and fiction, between true and false. What is needed?

To be alienated is to be “outside” oneself, and so exposed to collapsing inward. We are not alienated when we are “with” ourselves—while remaining in the care of our innate relationality. Even when alone, but without unease. In a solitude chosen in order to come to terms with ourselves. We are well when we are in a state of “adherence” to ourselves, which is always relationship. To put it in Giussani’s beautiful words: “I am You-who-make-me.” It is an elementary self-evident truth of the relational reason that sustains us, which Giussani takes up—making it a theological truth—as the structure of our relationship with God. The challenge before us today is that this truth risks being alienated if that “you” becomes the great digital “you,” rather than the “you” of God and/or of real relationships. We must fight to ensure that this “you” is, and remains, flesh and blood. This, at least, on the horizontal plane. Or in its vertical dimension, as a God of presence who stands beside me, who is not a mere abstraction of the mind.

This is why you said one can avoid alienation even when alone.

Yes—if this solitude of mine is crowded with the love of someone or something.

Fernando De Haro

Fernando de Haro is a Spanish journalist, academic, and radio director at COPE. With degrees in journalism, law, and a PhD in information science, he's known for documentaries on Christian persecution. De Haro explores religion's role in society through his media work and publications, including a book on Don Giussani's life.

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