America at 250: Louis Armstrong

Louis Armstrong & his All Stars live in Berlin 1965: Black and Blue

Bass -- Arvell Shaw Clarinet -- Eddie Shu Drums -- Danny Barcelona Piano -- Billy Kyle Trombone -- Tyree Glenn Trumpet -- Louis Armstrong Vocals -- Louis Armstrong

Louis Armstrong made jazz a language of individual freedom, expanding what American music could express and endure.
— Epochal Change
Morris Caplin America at 250: Louis Armstrong

Morris Caplin - Louis Armstrong reshaped jazz, turning individual voice into a powerful, enduring distinctly American language.

One could say that Louis Armstrong found in jazz a local form of music with limited possibilities, which he then stretched out in all directions, here and there returning to the local from which he had departed. In it he expressed the excitement and pain of being an American.

Born in the slums of New Orleans, Armstrong grew up in a world of poverty and turbulence. But from an early age, Louis had a strong imagination and an unrelenting drive to make something of himself. In addition to becoming the most influential jazz musician of all time, Armstrong found in jazz a voice for himself as well as for the genre. His innovative trumpet playing went from being strong and clear to being of a powerful, inevitable tone and phrasing. Each line was played as if it were the first time he had ever played it, yet at the same time it seemed completely natural. His singing was of similar quality. His voice was rough, unvarnished, and his interpretation of songs was that of a man discovering them for the first time. It wasn’t that he was an unpolished performer, it was that everything he did was 100 percent him.

When jazz was still largely a local music, performed and brought to life by local groups of musicians within the bounds of a few cities, Armstrong’s recordings as leader with the Hot Five and later the Hot Seven transformed the form. Until Armstrong, jazz was primarily a collective music, with individual solo passages taken within the framework of the song by members of the band. These solo passages were frequently used to repeat a section of the song, or to add an additional elaboration of a section. Armstrong’s greatest recordings were all solo-centered. They presented the solo, whether vocal or instrumental, as the core of the music, the place where the music could most easily and deeply reveal its deepest character and potential.

Armstrong was a charismatic man recognized by both fans and critics. Not only was he entertaining to the masses, he was also open with his fans and loved to amuse. Some however believed that in order to receive recognition from the mostly white critics he was ‘selling out’ or ‘accommodating’ to them. Most people however were misinformed about the choices that Armstrong was making. Rather than spreading ‘argument’ or ‘controversy’ in times of hardship Armstrong chose to spread ‘happiness’ instead. He did this because he knew that the only thing that could travel far and wide in times of hardship was ‘joy’.

Armstrong was, of course, willing to offer his judgments. In 1958, when Arkansas Governor Orval Faubus refused to enforce the orders of the federal courts to integrate the Little Rock public schools, Armstrong offered his harshly worded denunciation of Faubus to a reporter, and the whole episode was reported across the country. Armstrong continued to perform in the South after this episode, and some have taken this to mean that he was afraid to lose the audiences of the old Confederacy. But he was simply unwilling to have his voice used to score points off those who disagreed with the bigoted policies of the Southern governors. A love of country went hand in hand with a severe and unsparing perception of its failures.

In 1965, Armstrong performed in East Berlin in front of an audience that had grown up with his music. It was a divided city, and while the performance was mostly of light songs, Armstrong brought a great deal of feeling to a rendition of “Black and Blue.” The song, based on a poem about black men having blue eyes, is in general a very upbeat and ornate song, with Armstrong performing it with great verve. But in this performance, Armstrong sang it slowly and with a great deal of feeling. It was less of a performance and more of a statement. The simple words of the poem were given no extra ornamentation. They were allowed to convey a weight of meaning that no words of explanation could have.

The legacy of Louis Armstrong lies with the fact of his existence as an American jazz singer. The voice of Armstrong, in all its different forms, is a proof of concept for the voice of American jazz speaking in its own individual voice. That voice can and does cope with contradictions in the most positive way. Individuality and connectivity are not mutually exclusive and there is room for singularity within the confines of music for all people to be singular without being isolated. The music allows for honest expression without pretension. The voice of the singer will find a way to express the most basic of human truths. Armstrong’s existence as a singer was proof of this basic fact.

Previous
Previous

Marty Supreme: The Primal Cry of Adulthood

Next
Next

The Echo of a Face