Cervantes’s Tender Gaze

Traditional whitewashed windmill on a rugged hillside under a dramatic, overcast sky.

A solitary windmill atop a rocky slope, reflecting Don Quixote's entwined folly and grandeur.

“It is a tender gaze, like that of a father who sees his son’s follies and rejoices at every glimpse of truth amid the fantasies his son has built his life around.”
— Guadalupe Arbona
Guadalupe Arbona Cervantes' tender gaze

Guadalupe Arbona - A look at humanity in Don Quixote.

This is the first installment in a series on the great novel of Spanish literature, The Ingenious Gentleman Don Quixote of La Mancha. In the installments to come, Guadalupe Arbona will offer a selection of episodes that illuminate the tender yet powerful gaze with which Miguel de Cervantes created his hero.

Over my many readings of the most famous novel in Spanish literature, The Ingenious Gentleman Don Quixote of La Mancha, I have laughed and cried, learned and gotten angry. But I have never been able to put distance between myself and the character who has kept me asking questions for years, and still does. He is a sane madman: a gentleman who loses his mind reading tales of chivalry and who, believing himself one of their heroes, tries to shape his life after the stories he has read. What is it about Don Quixote of La Mancha? Why do I keep returning to him, hoping to discover something more in each of his adventures, encounters, battles, and conversations? Going back to the source, to his creator, I ask myself: Why does Cervantes lead us through Don Quixote's triumphs and follies? Does he want to show us something hidden in them? If not, the book would be nothing but a farce. And it isn't. The novel springs from a gentle yet powerful gaze on the human condition.

My reading is one of the latest in a long line, because ever since Don Quixote took on a life of his own, everyone who has met him has tried to understand who he is and why he challenges us. The very first readers to witness the explosion of life he embodies, right at the edge of fiction, were already doing so. From the novel's opening pages, the people around him reveal something about themselves whenever they talk about him. His absurd yet tender presence lays their hearts bare; in front of Don Quixote, the characters show who they really are. Their reactions vary. His niece and his housekeeper try to settle him into an orderly life. His friends the priest and the barber want him to come home and stop making a fool of himself. Sancho goes along on his adventures, at first for the promised rewards, until he comes to love him "like the very strings of his heart" (II, 13). These are only the first. Throughout the book, every encounter draws out a different response: the innkeeper hopes to profit; the prostitutes at the inn feel honored; the goatherds are awestruck; the duke and duchess devise all sorts of pranks to mock him; the shepherdess Marcela feels understood; the young poet Don Lorenzo is grateful; Antonio Moreno, in Barcelona, puts his wits to the test; lovers confide their troubles to him; the wretched hope he will set them free; and those offended by his madness beat him up.

And if the characters who react to him are many but countable, the interpretations of readers and critics are beyond counting: from Fyodor Dostoevsky to Paul Auster, from Luigi Pirandello to Miguel de Unamuno, from Jorge Luis Borges to Mario Vargas Llosa, from José Jiménez Lozano to Harold Bloom, from Leonardo Sciascia to Américo Castro, and a very long list of others.

I don't intend to comment on these many fascinating readings. What has led me to write these pages is an interest in the gaze from which Don Quixote was born. I believe that looking at how the author of Don Quixote creates and presents his character offers a fresh way in. Miguel de Cervantes traveled widely, fought at the Battle of Lepanto, spent five years as a captive in Algiers, and knew financial hardship, accusations, and duels. All of it gave him insight into the human condition in the most varied circumstances. His attention to what he lived through and witnessed led him to create a character so flesh-and-blood, so true, that he has become one of the most compelling figures in the history of literature. He has also inspired the most varied interpretations, which shows how inexhaustibly rich he is. Faced with Don Quixote, we readers can't help asking who he really is.

A Preposterous and Beautiful Character

The challenge I face is to take seriously Miguel de Cervantes's creative daring in bringing to life a character who is terribly preposterous and, at the same time, enormously beautiful. My question is what allows these two layers of the Quixotic figure to stay open from the first page of the novel to the last. How are they held together? At times I'd like to pigeonhole him in his madness and failure, but that would reduce him. I'd like to highlight his good intentions, his desire to love and to do good, but that would reduce him too. Cervantes won't let us reduce him either to his follies or to the idea he has of himself. We can get angry at such an unbending character, or we can try to see what he says about us. Cervantes doesn't back down. He embraces that unfinished quality, and he does it brilliantly, slipping masterstrokes into the cracks of Quixotic madness. These masterstrokes appear in the knight's self-awareness and come out in his dialogues.

I don't intend to explain Cervantes's psychology, which, like that of any artist, is complex. I'll try instead to understand what he pays attention to, so as to grasp the result: the adventures of Don Quixote. Cervantes presents us with a real man, a creature who sets out in search of a great life and, confused by the fantastic tales in his head, commits many follies. At the same time, he is a simple, good man who wants nothing more than "to defend maidens, protect widows, and aid orphans and the needy" (I, 11). What drives him from within is beautiful, but he fails to see the gap between what he wants to achieve and the concrete situation he lives in. To make what's in his head real, he replaces what surrounds him. This imaginary substitution does not cancel out his humanity. On the contrary, in the novel his ridiculous follies open up room for his self-awareness: that unbroken current of life that sustains him and surfaces in the middle of the nonsense. Cervantes's genius lies in portraying this character with tenderness. He does not condemn his excesses; he reveals his humanity to us through them. He doesn't try to resolve this difficult combination, and he leans neither toward the sarcasm a madman might provoke nor toward pity for a gullible fool. Don Quixote is ridiculous, and the telling of his absurd deeds makes us laugh. Yet he is wise, because after every failure he offers a counterpoint that carries the reader beyond sheer nonsense. And it all draws us in, because in the harmony of these two elements Cervantes makes us feel the Quixote inside each of us: what makes us human. We laugh with him because he reconciles us with ourselves. Take a simple example. When he arrives at the roadside inn on his first outing, he treats the prostitutes like ladies. Is this nonsense? It is. But it leaves the aftertaste of someone who sees beyond these women's "profession" to their true worth. They feel well treated, and the intelligent reader knows that Don Quixote sees more clearly than those who reduce these women to their trade.

Only a compassionate gaze can bring things together; a divided gaze either condemns or idealizes. By revealing his self-awareness, the character himself embodies the tender gaze of his creator. I'll give two examples, both conversations with Sancho. After a string of adventures that leave them badly battered, Sancho tells Don Quixote that what they've been through aren't adventures but misadventures. Don Quixote answers with complete confidence: "But, despite all this, get on your donkey, good Sancho, and follow me, for God, who provides for all things, will not forsake us, especially since we walk in His service as we do. For He does not forsake the gnats in the air, nor the little worms in the earth, nor the tadpoles in the water; and He is so merciful that He makes His sun rise on the good and the bad, and sends rain on the just and the unjust" (I, 18). The message is clear: in any situation, a person is never without the providence that lets him start again, as the two friends will do. On another occasion, when Sancho doubts he can rise to what will be asked of him as governor of the island, Don Quixote replies: "Entrust it to God, Sancho, for He will give you what suits you best; but do not let your spirit shrink so much that you end up settling for less than being a governor" (I, 7). Don Quixote knows that a person's aspirations come from the One who knows him through and through. In other words, the character himself knows that the unity between his ridiculousness and his aspirations is not something he can achieve on his own. There is a gaze that comes before him and makes him aware of his worth beyond his successes and failures, while honoring the greatness of what his spirit longs for. This gaze reconciles the two levels that make up Don Quixote. It is the mysterious "glue" Cervantes uses to create his character: he places the knight's structural disproportion under the gaze of an Other, who moves him from within despite all his outlandish adventures.

Miguel de Cervantes was a voracious reader. He knew the literature of his time well and found in it the many ways people have of seeing themselves; he knew the ways of telling the human story. He was a true Renaissance man, drawing on the humanist drive to discover what is proper to man. He was steeped in the literature of classical heroes, battered by the gods yet bowing to fate with magnanimity. He also knew the lives of the medieval saints, who fought for the divine without ever faltering. Cervantes is a Christian humanist, and I don't say this merely as a label to pigeonhole him. He is a humanist because he looks at humanity exactly as it lives and expresses itself, in all its facets, without fear of any of them. And he is a Christian because his self-awareness is rooted in dependence on a "merciful" God, who "makes His sun rise on the good and the bad, and sends rain on the just and the unjust" (I, 18). He is both at once. He dares to look human folly in the face and, at the same time, sees it transfigured by the experience of knowing himself a child of a God who, looking on His creature, does not condemn him but esteems him infinitely. Were it not so, he could never have brought to life a character like Don Quixote.

A Tender Gaze

Cervantes creates something new by looking squarely at this humanity, wounded by madness and pierced through by sanity. That is why he doesn't follow earlier models. He doesn't create a character who must suffer and accept whatever the gods have in store, nor a figure who must hide his fragility because it seems at odds with the divine. On the contrary, this disproportion lies at the very origin of the character. It is part of his structure, and for that very reason it cries out for mercy from his very core. If Don Quixote relentlessly insists on submitting himself to a preposterous idea, pouring into it all his faith, his energy, and his whole life without seeing how mad it is, Cervantes works with even greater energy so that his character, from the depths of his folly, shows the evidence of his worth as a person. In Cervantes's eyes, Don Quixote is valuable for what he gives of himself through his fragility. Cervantes never stops looking at him with a greatness of spirit that values everything stirring in a human being, and in his structural disproportion he discovers a possibility of reconciliation with what makes him human. It is a tender gaze, like that of a father who sees his son's follies and rejoices at every glimpse of truth amid the fantasies his son has built his life around. I know I'm repeating myself, but I'll insist: he is like a father who knows well the forces that drive human nature (the longing for adventure, for fame, for a lady's love) and lets his son keep trying to reach them. He doesn't stop him in his follies; he celebrates the glimmers of grace he finds in him. So the figure of Don Quixote is born not of a preconceived idea or of rigidity, but of a father's compassion. How far we are from the image of the creator as a distant god who looks down on his characters as if they were insects or grotesque creatures, as Valle-Inclán would put it three centuries later! Cervantes's gaze, attentive to his character's fragility, brings him to life just as he is, with his limits and his powerlessness, and that is what makes him a man. He is not a grotesque figure, not a puppet worked by who knows whom, not a hero resigned to fate, and not a catalog of virtues.

From this deeply realistic standpoint, Cervantes shows his sharp cultural intelligence in engaging the literary genres of his day. The novel systematically tests, with Cervantes's easy fluency, the different ideas of humanity that shine through the stories of that era, the stories critics would later group into literary genres. Each genre rests on a view of humanity and finds the form best suited to turn it into literature. First and foremost, Cervantes takes aim at the romances of chivalry, which he had read to excess and knew to be full of historical absurdities, magic, and muddled, invented settings and timelines. He knows the pastoral novel, whose idealized shepherds pose as happy or unhappy in their bucolic life. He knows, of course, the degradation of the heroes of the picaresque novel, left at the mercy of the worst circumstances. He knows the sentimental novel, where lovers inevitably die of love or pine away unrequited, and the Moorish novel, which idealized relations between Moors and Christians in Spain and North Africa. Building on these forms, Cervantes creates something new. Fully aware of how the fashionable genres work and of the view of humanity each carries, he reworks them and weaves them into his great novel. But he doesn't let himself be swept away by the idealization of unattainable ways of life (the pastoral Arcadias), nor by the exaltation of impossible models (the romances of chivalry), nor by the tales of characters defined by poverty and injustice (the picaresque), nor by the endless stories of unrequited or impossible love (the courtly-love model), even though his book is full of them. He takes all these cultural references into account, moves through them, and creates something new. Cervantes breaks the mold because his view of humanity goes beyond any model or simplification, above all beyond the two reductive poles of idealization and degradation. No, Don Quixote is not predictable. He cannot be reduced to formulas or theories, and his appeal lies in exactly that irreducibility. Cervantes knows the follies a man can commit when he gets an idea in his head and subjects everything to it. He gives himself a name to create an identity: Don Quixote of La Mancha. He equips himself with armor and a horse, the one rusty, the other skin and bones. He imagines a beloved, but the Dulcinea of his imagination is no beautiful lady; she is a coarse farm girl. He takes on a mission, to aid orphans and the needy, even though he often makes the plight of those he tries to help worse. He seeks fame and glory through his adventures, even though in most of them he ends up battered and bruised. These outlandish ideas, which he returns to again and again, are part of his human journey. Yet that absurdity would define him only if he were not also filled with a persistent longing for beauty that drives him tenaciously from within. He wants his life, his lady, and his adventures to be beautiful and to leave a mark. Here lies Don Quixote's indomitable spirit: however tempted we are to focus on his absurdity, we can't reduce him to it, and if instead we try to idealize his misadventures, we can't do that either.

Ridiculousness and Grace

Don Quixote is conceived as a dramatic character who, madly reaching for the good, fails to realize his ideal. His secret lies in the union of the two levels. He offers us a stubborn witness to the nature of the human being, born of an infinite magnanimity and of a freedom that allows for the greatest absurdities. Hans Urs von Balthasar understands this dramatic tension, which for my part I experience as a kind of reconciliation with my own nature. Often, when I feel my fragility, my failure, my inability to understand or to see things as they are rather than as they are in my head, I go back to Don Quixote and smile to myself. Where is the beauty of my nature? In glimpsing something else that comes to my aid. The theologian puts it this way: "There is a clear coordination between the lower and higher planes: the former is involuntarily ridiculous and farcical, while in the latter the light of grace shines." None of his attempts, and none of his successes or failures, destroys grace. More than that, grace shines through his attempts and in the way he faces both failure and success. That is why, as the Swiss theologian goes on to say, "Don Quixote is like a child playing at something very serious and who, precisely for that reason, cannot be deceived by the reality of the world."¹ His personal seriousness in pursuing chivalric glory will keep him from falling for the deceptions and tricks of others. At times it will even let him glimpse his true merit: his relationship with the Creator.

Miguel de Cervantes not only creates Don Quixote; he also seems to learn from him. For one thing, he is aware that his character shares in a wisdom that doesn't belong to him. Cervantes doesn't feel he owns his work. He says so in the prologue: "But I, who, though I seem to be the father, am the stepfather of Don Quixote, do not wish to follow the custom, nor to beg you, dearest reader, almost with tears in my eyes, as others do, to forgive or overlook the faults you will find in this son of mine." He calls himself only a stepfather. In doing so, he makes room for a gaze that comes before him, recognizing that his voice is an echo. He finds several ways to signal that his character and his book are not his own, but something discovered, a treasure found. He makes this plain in Chapter 9 of Part One, where the narrator says he came across some notebooks in the Alcaná market of Toledo, written in Arabic, and hired a Spanish-speaking Morisco to translate them, driven by curiosity and wonder at the story. By pointing to a discovered manuscript, he shows once more that he is not the owner of his work. This distance could be read in many ways: as false modesty, as a way to win over readers, as pure rhetoric. But it can also be read as the certainty that the work is a gift, and as a gift it is offered to the reader. I believe every writer lives this experience: surprise at stories and characters that, made of human words, exceed every expectation. Thanks to this Cervantine awareness, we watch in real time as Don Quixote gains depth and intelligence as the story unfolds. Letting the character speak for himself is part of Cervantes's view of humanity.

The Question of the Name

Here is an example of this Cervantine effort to let the character speak for himself, name himself, define himself, make mistakes, and search for himself: the question of his name. Who Don Quixote is remains an open question from the novel's first pages to its last. The gentleman Alonso Quijano, known as "the Good," wants to forge a new identity by immersing himself in romances of chivalry: "he spent his nights reading from dusk to dawn, and his days from dawn to dusk" (I, 1). In other words, he thinks of nothing else, day or night. It takes him eight days to come up with the name he wants. At last he finds it: he will be Don Quixote of La Mancha, and so he goes on embodying the heroes of the books he has read. Once he has chosen his name, he is determined to make it stick. After every adventure, he insists on being named as the author of the feat and on receiving fame and glory for it. Again and again he orders that his story, and the name of the one who achieved it, be carried to his beloved Dulcinea del Toboso. The image he tries to project is so comical that when he declares "I know who I am" (I, 5), people laugh, because far from knowing it, he surrenders his self to the characters he has read about. He identifies with Amadís of Gaul, with Ariosto's Orlando, with Lancelot of the Lake, with Palmerín of England, and with a long list of others: heroes of the popular novels of the day who, far from revealing his identity to him, lead him into a ridiculous way of life.

Later he will also call himself the Knight of the Sorrowful Countenance and the Knight of the Lions. Both names come from the mind of a seeker, and at the same time they grow out of adventures he has actually lived. The first comes after he charges a funeral procession by night (I, 19). Sancho, looking at his master, battered and missing teeth from an earlier stoning, tells him he has the saddest face he has ever seen, and Don Quixote takes the name for his own. The second comes in Chapter 17 of Part Two, when he faces a caged lion being sent as a gift to the king. Don Quixote challenges the beast, which merely turns its back and lies down again. Even so, he renames himself the Knight of the Lions, hoping news of his feat will reach the king's ears. Both names share something striking: besides springing from real adventures, they show his character emerging, whether through his success with the lions or through his failure, marked by the sad traces his misadventures have left on him.

And so we come to the end. Back in his village and ill, Don Quixote hears Sancho try to revive him with the pastoral dream they had imagined together, in which he would become the shepherd Quixotiz, and with it the hope of a new adventure. The squire believes this will lift his master's spirits. But the many adventures and the many names have taught him something, and it is Sancho himself who says it about his master: "welcome back your son Don Quixote, who, though he comes home defeated by the arms of another, comes home the conqueror of himself; for, as he has told me, that is the greatest victory one could wish for" (II, 72). Cervantes, Don Quixote's "stepfather," lays bare the many identities his hero tries on. With Sancho's remark, a new possibility opens that remains unresolved for us: what does it mean to be a conqueror of oneself? Cervantes doesn't resolve it. Instead, he confronts readers with the absurdity of trying to know oneself by taking on so many other selves. When Don Quixote proclaims himself greater than "the Twelve Peers of France and even all the Nine Worthies" (I, 5), or says of himself, "I am worth a hundred" (I, 15), we wonder whether those twelve, those nine, that hundred, and all the knights he turns to in order to be himself have ever been enough to make him a conqueror of himself. Who is Don Quixote? Is he each and every one of his inventions, or something more? Cervantes hands us, today's readers, the task of looking into the self.

Cervantes's genius points to this very question: the inquiry into the human condition. The novel's 126 chapters, 52 in Part One and 74 in Part Two, are an invitation to savor his creative gaze. With that in mind, I propose to read a selection of episodes in which this gaze on humanity takes root in the ridiculousness and the wit so typical of Don Quixote. After this introduction, I will offer my reading of various episodes, adventures, and characters from Don Quixote that let us appreciate it.

¹ Hans Urs von Balthasar, The Glory of the Lord: A Theological Aesthetics [volume and page to confirm; the source cites the 1996 Spanish/Italian edition, 161 ff.].

Fernando De Haro

Fernando de Haro is a Spanish journalist, academic, and radio director at COPE. With degrees in journalism, law, and a PhD in information science, he's known for documentaries on Christian persecution. De Haro explores religion's role in society through his media work and publications, including a book on Don Giussani's life.

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