The Need to Be Recognized

In destruction we are seeking something; this is the point of interest.The mistake is not naming evil — it is refusing to ask what the human being is reaching for when he destroys.
— Fernando De Haro
Fernando De Haro ENGLISH - The Need to Be Recognized
Fernando De Haro ITALIANO - Quel bisogno di essere riconosciuti

Fernando De Haro - Democracies don’t die from missing rules. They die when no one asks what we’re seeking.

Nuremberg is a failed film. James Vanderbilt, who directed it and wrote the screenplay, sets out to recount one of the most decisive events of the twentieth century, and he does not rise to the occasion.

Nazi Germany has just been defeated. The Allies, victors of the Second World War, agree to convene a tribunal to try twenty-two captured Nazi leaders. International criminal law does not yet exist in any real form; the Universal Declaration of Human Rights has not yet been adopted. At the center of the story is a historical figure: Douglas Kelley, the psychiatrist assigned to certify the mental capacity of the defendants.

The film reaches its most intense moment when, during the trial, the first images of the extermination camps appear — images that had until then remained largely unseen. The Holocaust, which destroyed six million Jews, breaks into the courtroom in its full, brutal weight: corpses piled like trash, emaciated bodies reduced to objects. The viewer recognizes at once that this stripping away of the other — the move that makes extermination possible — is not a thing of the past.

But precisely because the images carry such force, the questions Kelley puts to the prisoners feel thin. The psychiatrist, who spent eight months with the Nazi defendants, wanted to know what “disease” produced the evil; he wanted to know why Germany in the 1930s had consented to Nazism, and joined it. He will discover that no such disease exists. Even that discovery, though, lands without the depth or drama it should carry.

Nuremberg is one of many works that, in these times, return to Germany in the 1930s. The journalist and essayist Robert D. Kaplan, in his recent book The Fragile Century: Chaos and Power in a World in Permanent Crisis, draws a parallel between what happened then and what is happening now. Kaplan does not see a new Hitler among us, but he warns that a weak democracy is no barrier to tyranny. The German historian Volker Ullrich has just published Fateful Hours: The Collapse of the Weimar Republic, a long and patient book that tries to name the causes of the collapse.

Many democracies are now living through their decisive hours. We talk about how democracies die. We are surprised to find that many young people do not consider democracy necessary. And the solution we tend to propose for the crisis is often made of the same material that produced it.

We have long thought of democracy as a way of setting limits on power and on the conflicts that arise in any society. The limit holds when laws and institutions guarantee a minimum ethical standard. We have imagined our constitutional systems, above all, as mandatory channels that keep disputes from boiling over. The force that drives us to band together or to attack each other is something we rarely take seriously. And we approach most problems the same way: faced with interpersonal or social conflict, with troubling behavior, with emotional upheaval, we assume the solution is to articulate clear principles and build a channel that contains an energy which would otherwise spill in the wrong direction.

But those principles have long since stopped being self-evident, and the channels are no longer there. The problems of democracy, like every other problem, cannot be addressed without starting from what the philosopher Silvano Petrosino, in a recent interview with paginasdigital.com, calls “the integral experience.”

“We have a naive conception of humanity (…). Proof of this naivety is failing to recognize that we are capable of evil, or believing that it would be enough for everyone to be good to change the world.” There is no disease that causes evil, as the psychiatrist in Nuremberg first imagined. We are capable of embracing and of destroying. But the mistake, Petrosino adds, lies in the fact that “the issue of destruction is quickly dismissed by saying that we are evil. Instead, in destruction we are seeking something; this is the point of interest.”

What is it that produces the destruction that ends democracies, or the emotional turmoil that ends with a man killing the woman he could not possess? That is the question we do not ask: the question of the subject. We treat problems as if no one stood behind them, as if everything could be solved by setting limits on behavior without ever addressing the person who acts. That is why we fail. The method itself dooms us.

Things change when we grasp that destruction begins — as Petrosino says — in the need to be recognized, in the need to exercise power when we sense we have none, in the need to manufacture idols that will quiet the restlessness which makes us who we are. We build idols that generate destruction in order to win an impossible peace. We are, by definition, restlessness. It is useless to answer a desire for the infinite by trusting that limits will be respected, because that will not always happen.

This is how democracies die; this is how a life dies. To recognize that at the root of everything there is an experience that is integral — a desire for the infinite that can destroy or build — is what gives life to democracies, and what gives life to life.

Fernando De Haro

Fernando de Haro is a Spanish journalist, academic, and radio director at COPE. With degrees in journalism, law, and a PhD in information science, he's known for documentaries on Christian persecution. De Haro explores religion's role in society through his media work and publications, including a book on Don Giussani's life.

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Rediscovering the Mystery of the Heart