I, that Stranger

It isn’t that I have problems in life. It’s that I am a problem.
— Costantino Esposito
Costantino Esposito ENGLISH - I, that Stranger
Costantino Esposito ITALIANO - Cosa perdiamo quando diciamo "Io"?

Costantino Esposito - A pronoun, a noun, and the slow erosion of meaning we no longer notice.

Our columnist argues that in an age where nihilism seems to have the upper hand, the hunger for meaning—and the desire to truly be ourselves—keeps growing. Esposito builds his case not only from academic philosophers but from novels, films, and, often enough, television series.

Two words run through our conversations as if we already knew what they mean. We don’t. Habit and prejudice have worn them down until almost nothing is left. The two words are “I” and “God.” A pronoun and a noun, both of them showing up far more often than we notice.

Start with the noun, and what a noun it is: God. I don’t mean the explicitly religious or theological sense of the word—only the way we use it in ordinary speech, almost always without any precise reference to the “reality” it points to. The word behaves as if it named something that no longer exists, or perhaps never did, and lingers in our language as a kind of empty placeholder. It turns up as hyperbole (“God only knows how much I love you!”), or as an emphatic wish (“May God grant that you recover soon!”), or as a hedged hope (“God willing, I’ll come visit you”). God is everywhere in what we say—as a figure of speech.

That much follows from how we grew up. Our language developed inside a culture where “God” played a specific role: it set whatever we were talking about inside a wider frame, one that ran past the limits of the thing itself and tied it back to some ultimate sense of the world—the world as God might see it. The interesting part is the doubleness of it. On one side, the word is a trace, however faint, of some deep relationship every human being has with the source of being and with destiny. On the other, it has shrunk into a way of registering how unpredictable or how inevitable events are—whatever “only God” could know or want.

Set the noun aside for now and look at the pronoun, “I.” I’m convinced that the way back to the meaning of the noun runs through this pronoun.

“I” is probably the most important pronoun we have, the one most fully our own, because it names the subject of every sentence spoken in the first person. Without it, we wouldn’t even show up in our own speech. But the pronoun itself depends on a real “I”—a particular person uttering it, the one it points to. The pronoun is supposed to make clear that I, in fact, am the one speaking. And who is this “I”? For now, all we can say is: the one speaking.

Speech doesn’t stand on its own. Someone has to be doing it. To say “I,” you need a living, breathing “I,” present in the room. And yet the presence of that I—my awareness of speaking as I speak—isn’t a given. Most of the time we take it for granted, treat it as a reflex of grammar.

One could say that, in our language—unlike perhaps the Romance languages, such as Spanish and Italian, where the subject can be implied—the pronoun “I” in English is always grammatically expressed, always present. Precisely for this reason, however, it is often taken for granted: it is “automatic”, “mechanical”, “assumed”, and serves a purely grammatical function, a mechanism that simply signals that it is “I who am speaking’. We don’t even notice it. At other times, however, “I” is used in a more charged, weightier, performative way, because it carries within it the intention to assert oneself, to affirm one’s gravitas, one’s worth.

I say “I” and I take a position. I plant myself, in the first person. I am the one saying it. So while on one side the pronoun is discreet, a quiet given, on the other it surfaces as a performer—and a compulsive one. The grammatical subject has turned into a subject of power. A subject in the modern sense, one that wants to be there, wants to decide what is and isn’t in the world, wants to bend reality to its own mental categories, handle things, control them. And this isn’t the special property of so-called men of power. It belongs to every one of us, each at our own scale.

Here is where the knot tightens. The self is the subject of every discourse—the point at which reality becomes visible, shows its meaning, can be named, described, lit up. But the self is also, always, the narcissistic subject that keeps trying to fold everything else back into itself: people, events, things. So what starts out as physiological—the ordinary functioning of a person—can turn pathological, even toxic. An opening to the world becomes a closing of the world inside the self. And the strange part is that the two tendencies always come together; they’re dramatically tangled. The self, in other words, is the name of a serious problem.

The author who saw this most clearly was Augustine of Hippo. Mihi quaestio factus sum, he writes in the Confessions (X, 33, 50): “I have become a problem to myself.” It isn’t that I have problems in life. It’s that I am a problem. For Augustine, that means I stand in a relationship with the One who gives me being, and at the same time I find inside myself an unstoppable pull to break loose from that relationship. So much so that I become a burden to myself and scatter into the thousand things that occupy me.

The contradiction is exquisite: I lose myself in exactly what the self was trying to gain.

For some, the conclusion is that we should stop using this awkward pronoun altogether. It always ends up naming a strong, autonomous subject—a stable, well-defined self that stands in front of the world and measures it. If we have to use it (and we do), we should at least be wary. We should mistrust the I, which means mistrusting ourselves, and check its narcissism by starting from “we”—still first person, but plural. The I can no longer be self-referential; it has to be pulled off-center, oriented toward something or someone else. But the I is clever. It knows how to absorb its “other” back into itself. So the more radical solution looks like the nihilist one: strip off the masks of the I and dismantle its power as a kind of mental theater.

Philip Roth wrote one of the most striking versions of this in his 1986 novel The Counterlife:

“All I can tell you with certainty is that I, for example, do not have a self, and that I do not want to or cannot subject myself to the farce of a self. … What I have in place of a self is a variety of roles I can play, and not just of myself: an entire troupe of actors I have internalized, a permanent company I can turn to when I need a self, a constantly evolving stock of scripts and parts that make up my repertoire. But I certainly do not possess a self independent of my deceptive artistic attempts to have one. And I wouldn’t want to. I am a theater and nothing but a theater.”

Is that the last word on the self? Roth’s cheerful cynicism is probably a mask of its own, set over the face of a wounded man. It covers a low, familiar unease—the kind so many of us know—caught between the pressure to perform and the undertow of depression. But it’s a strange and precious wound, the wound of a self that no longer orients itself toward itself or the world. It opens the question of our being here all over again. It lets us turn and look at it straight on.

Because how, in the end, would we step outside the self and the awareness that we are—how would we freeze or shut down the great problem of our relationship with ourselves and with the world? Augustine again: “Where indeed could my heart flee from my heart, where could I flee from myself, without being pursued by myself?” (Confessions IV, 7, 12). It is precisely in that ongoing attempt to flee that we notice we are being called to find, or to find again, who we are.

That is why, in the coming essays for Epochal Change, in collaboration with PaginasDigital.es, we will follow the journey of this flight: the shocks reality delivers, and the movement by which each shock brings us back, again and again, face to face with the fact of our own existence.

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Rediscovering the Mystery of the Heart

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We Are a Desire, Not an Algorithm