Only Wonder Truly Knows

Green aurora borealis over snow-capped mountains and a starry night sky at Vestrahorn, Iceland

Green aurora borealis ripples across a star-filled night sky above snow-capped peaks at Vestrahorn, Iceland — the image behind Fr. Pigi's Peer Gynt story: the long darkness of the North that finally breaks into the northern lights. Photo: Jonny Gios / Unsplash.

Are you what you do, or are you made? You are made; you don’t make yourself.
— Pierluigi Banna
Pierluigi Banna Only Wonder Truly Knows

A Conversation with Pierluigi Banna - On wonder as the heart of faith, the irreducibility of the I, and the disproportion by which no one makes himself.

Question - I’d like to start with the song we just heard: have you ever had an exceptional encounter in your life — one that changed it? And if so, what was it like?

Pierluigi Banna - I gladly accepted Fr. Roberto’s invitation; I’ve known him since I was a boy. What struck me was his “Fiorino,” the little FIAT that somehow fit a whole crowd of kids — my brothers among them. I couldn’t go along on those outings, but I’d watch them come back thrilled. One reason I said yes is a single phrase: “It is the Lord” — the line I chose for the prayer card of my first Mass. Beneath it I’d placed Caravaggio’s disciples at Emmaus — the canvas now in Brera — caught in the instant they’re taken by surprise and recognize that the traveler is Jesus.

In that surprise — John’s cry on the lake, “It is the Lord”; the burning hearts of the two at Emmaus, who finally understand and ask, “How could we have failed to recognize him?” — is, for me, the whole of Christianity in miniature. You aren’t a Christian except through that surprise, and through its constant recurrence: you open your eyes and find yourself before him, before the love of life.

If he is God-with-us, he isn’t far from our daily affairs. And yet what I care about most — and so often lack — is the surprise of seeing him here, alive. It’s the difference, as Pope Francis would say, between a person grown accustomed and a person in love. We can recite the Angelus a thousand times — “the Word became flesh and came to dwell among us” — and nothing stirs in us. Or we can notice that someone has come for us, unexpectedly, to seek us out: and then we’re forced to change, to turn our face, to be converted. That is the difference between habit and love.

For me Christianity is the announcement of a present love that takes you by surprise; and, to stay faithful to that nature, it can’t be handed down through history except through an encounter. That’s why, Chiara, I can’t talk about it as the tradition of a habit I need to convince you of: I have to retrace a history of encounters that pierced right through my position.

The first goes back to Catania. It was a surprise around a table — as it was for the two at Emmaus — the table of a teacher I admired, whom everyone else admired too, and who didn’t seem interested in me. A few days before my fourteenth birthday I let slip a jaded little remark: “You can’t find true friends anymore.” She stopped and asked, “How can you say that already?” Then she asked whether I’d read Ibsen’s Peer Gynt — imagine, at thirteen — and she gave me a copy, telling me about the man who lives in the long darkness of the North until, after six months of gloom, the great spectacle of his life breaks out: the northern lights. “How do you know,” she said, “that this doubt of yours isn’t the darkness preparing a new possibility?” She put the whole dinner on hold for me; and the next day she even wrote me a note that circled back to friendship.

She didn’t settle the question, she didn’t hand me instructions: she reopened a possibility, simply by taking an interest in me. That’s why I call it an exceptional encounter. It’s an encounter in which God makes himself present, because he reaches you and understands you completely, and at the same time carries you past your forecasts and your calculations; and still you feel at home, so much that you think, “I’d never found anything like this, and I’d always wanted it.” If we don’t want to reduce Christianity to a habit, each of us has to go back to those encounters — never just one — that God never lets fail, in which love is reborn: love for his figure. If I can say I’ve encountered Christ and that I’m a Christian, it’s only through the faithfulness with which encounters like these have repeated themselves: not through any merit of mine, but through a mysterious faithfulness that hasn’t yet abandoned me.

Question. These faces you’ve begun to name — from Catania to today — how do they speak of that one? I meet my mother, my friends, a thousand things that surprise me, and mostly I just say, “This is my mother, this is my father.” How is it that you, instead, come to say, “This thing that set my heart on fire is Jesus Christ”?

Pierluigi Banna - Over time I’ve discovered that it isn’t I who say “it is Jesus” as the conclusion of an argument. I studied logical deduction; I could run through it for you right here — but it moves nothing, and it would probably bore you. Nor do I say it out of trust in a tradition, as though I repeated it only because it’s been repeated for two thousand years.

And yet — let me say it — I teach precisely that tradition: patristics, the study of the Fathers, the foundations of the Church. And I believe nothing has a tradition as tremendous as Christianity’s, a morality as thrilling — think of the Creed, which from Pilate’s sin to Mary’s purity keeps the figure of Jesus at the center — a body of thought, a dogmatic edifice, of such staggering logic. And still none of that is what makes me say “it is Jesus.” Because if we go back to the origins, and to every summit Christianity has reached in history, it wasn’t tradition, rite, or morality that made a St. John of the Cross erupt — or, for me, a Fr. Giussani.

It was, rather, something all of us know from childhood: wonder. We’ve all fallen in love; we’ve all lived that encounter that made us feel at home. The trouble is the very next instant, when we’re tempted to fall back on what we already know and to lock the event inside our own logic. That’s my temptation with the teacher: to meet her, and the next day think, “I have to be with her,” as if repeating the same dinners would repeat the spell. But it doesn’t work: the mystery of falling in love won’t be wedged into a rite or a formula to repeat.

More than understanding it, reason lets itself be swept up by this experience — what English says with a simple “oh.” You’re in front of something that throws your reason and your heart wide open, opening them to welcome what you don’t know: it’s there, right before you, and yet it isn’t used up in what you see. That’s what wonder is: not just an open mouth, but a heart and mind open to something wholly present that isn’t you — while your whole being hangs on what stands behind that face.

I wonder how many of us have truly felt this wonder, and how many instead strain to pin it behind a name, a formula, a fact. On this, one image struck me as never before. On a recent trip to Greece with some brother priests — intellectual priests, seminary professors, far more learned than I am — we read Ovid’s Metamorphoses between stops. Ovid describes the mechanics of falling in love exactly: you fall in love and immediately try to seize the figure of the beloved. Apollo chases Daphne to make her his own; but — and here is a pagan’s great intuition — the instant you try to grasp the figure, it slips away, dissolves in your hands, crumbles to dust. So with Narcissus and Echo: you love and mean to possess, and precisely so you lose.

Giuni Russo tells the opposite experience. She takes up St. John of the Cross — who is himself commenting on the Song of Songs — and says, in essence: I don’t want to make your figure mine; I want your figure to heal my pain. Here wonder opens onto a further level, which is faith. I’m so open to you that I understand I need you — not your ideas or your gestures, but your presence — in order to understand myself; and the only path I have is not to possess you, but to open myself to your being.

It’s at this level that the relationship with Christ enters these exceptional encounters. Not as a trademark to stamp on them, nor as holy water to baptize them, but as the very depth of that wonder: not the face I claim to possess, but the Presence I want to open myself to. What makes them exceptional, then, isn’t the saying of a first and last name, but that wonder able to regenerate not an idea but a Presence — one I don’t so much want to cling to as to surrender to. Gregory of Nyssa said it long ago: the intellect, even the finest, breeds idols — that is, things to possess, call them concepts, rites, or rules. Only wonder truly knows, because only wonder opens us to a Presence. Without it, faith shrinks to ideology.

Question - My second question comes out of that. I too have had that experience of wonder, and I’d like it to happen again every moment. But often, wanting it back, I end up narrating it to myself — “yes, this amazed me so” — and that bothers me. How do you live this waiting without having to manufacture it with your own images?

Pierluigi Banna - On one hand it’s simple: all you need — as Julián Carrón often reminds me — is one of those encounters that brought us to faith; and all you need is to be honest with yourself. Because when you jam the experience into your ideas, you “smother Apollo”: what’s he to do with a laurel branch? You can crown your head with it to remember, but that’s something else entirely from a living presence. We can tell our beads and celebrate Masses: but are we recognizing a living presence? Do we notice who is among us?

There’s one infallible test: boredom. Boredom is the exact opposite of wonder — that suffocation in which everything is already fixed by the perimeter of our forecasts. Just be honest with that boredom and you’ll see we aren’t really opening to the expectation of something new. And this is exactly what surprised me: that exceptional encounters — always signs of Christ’s presence — have the power to provoke us to that honesty. In the Gospel, Jesus cuts the disciples no slack and doesn’t hammer them into agreement: he asks questions that expose their closedness. “What are you looking for?” he asks the first two. “What did you go out to see?” he asks those who had run to the Baptist. And, marvelously, to the disciples fretting about bread in the boat: “Why? How many loaves did I multiply last time?”

Imagine: if you were the Risen One and came upon two crushed disciples, what would you do? He asks, “Why are you sad? How can you not believe?” There’s such a love of freedom in this encounter — which sets you moving again each time — that it always comes as a question — “You, what have you seen?” — and forces you to reckon with the experience you’ve actually lived. And every time, before men like this, you discover reality was larger than what you were reducing it to.

An example. I was walking through the fields with a friend and said, “What a sunset, what colors.” And he said, “Look closer. That light brown is a fallow field; that paler brown is freshly sown ground — see the tractor’s rows?; the darker corners are the weed-killer, which a radial sprayer can’t reach in the corners; and look, the animals are heading back to the barns after drinking.” He studied agriculture, of course. But that’s exactly how we’re roused from the shutdown of waiting: by someone who pushes us to look again, more closely, at the very thing we thought we’d already seen. The more the years pass, the more I realize we look at almost nothing and claim to have seen it all: some things stand right in front of us, big as elephants, and we don’t see them.

Those who love you help you, out of charity, to be honest with that suffocation, because they keep telling you: there’s far more here than you thought. I saw it with Julián — another of those encounters where Jesus comes knocking and says, “I don’t change my method; what I did with the apostles, I do with you.” I was about to finish my thesis and was driving him home. I confided that I didn’t know how to hold together what I still had to do and what I was about to become. He answered, catching me off guard: “I’m a farmer’s son; I don’t follow such abstract talk.” After a silence I admitted, “In the morning, when I sit down to the thesis, I’ve got this anxiety on me, because I’m afraid I won’t make it.” And he said, “You see it takes you an hour to tell me the thing closest to your heart? Don’t you have any tenderness toward yourself? Doesn’t everything we’ve lived together these years give you a single hint for facing this anxiety? Maybe this anxiety is exactly the chance to ask what you’ve learned.”

He set me going like never before. Faced with something I carried almost in shame, he had a boundless tenderness. Your I, your waiting, even the reduction you’ve made of it, are so much more than what you’ve reduced them to; and that reality — the thesis — wasn’t a problem to dispatch with a piece of advice, but the chance to recover those five years. He didn’t write the thesis for me: he showed me the way Christianity keeps proving its worth for life, which is to reopen your eyes to the mystery you are and the mystery at the bottom of everything. That’s why you can tell whether Christ has entered someone’s heart from the attention, the respect, the sense of disproportion with which they stand before themselves and before reality: whatever you meet, there’s a certainty greater than you — there’s Someone bringing it about.

Question - You said it’s enough to be honest with yourself. But is that an effort, a matter of skill? What’s the crux? And what part does our freedom play? Because so often, out of fear, we aren’t honest with ourselves.

Pierluigi Banna - I think we live in a society deeply marked by moralism — that is, by making the person consist in what he does well or badly. All our effort goes to settling whether we’ve acted rightly or wrongly; and so we end up fearing others’ judgment more than anything, because others too will size us up by what we’ve done. Facing our choices, we take ourselves to be their consequence: “from now on your life will be marked by that mistake.” Today a quick search online is enough to file a person away forever by his deeds. Finished.

This is exactly the temptation Genesis describes, that inspired account which in a few pages says something profound about the human being. What is the bitter fruit of the tree of the knowledge of good and evil? That whoever wants to seize the judgment over his own life ends up feeling judged as never before. You’ve locked the judgment of yourself inside an action, thinking you’d become its master; and now that action condemns you — like someone who loses hours on social media and then writes himself off: “I’m a waste of time.”

But to us, bent under this judgment, someone comes knocking at our back: “You’re forgetting something. You say you’re the fruit of your actions. But are you your own work, or are you a work? Are you what you do, or are you made?” And here’s the reversal: which is more evident — that you’ve done a right or wrong action, or that you don’t make yourself? There’s no contest. This face, this temperament are a work you didn’t make — so much so that you’d have made them differently; and you go on being made even when you’ve done wrong. We live inside an optical distortion: we prefer the narrow perspective of our actions to the greater evidence that holds up even against our bad actions. You are made; you don’t make yourself.

That’s what Jesus says, splendidly: “Do you really think you can dress yourselves up to the last thread in these worries of yours, and look at yourselves through their eyes? Don’t you see that, while you shrink life to this, there’s someone clothing the lilies and feeding the sparrows? And aren’t you worth more to him than the lilies and the sparrows? By what standard are you looking at your life?” To have tenderness toward yourself is to recover that gaze. Chiara, you are made — and it’s plain that at this very instant you aren’t making yourself. Do you want to start again from here, or keep looking at yourself as the consequence of your actions?

The most beautiful thing, Lorenzo, is that before this provocation some are reborn and some get angry, because the toy is being taken from them. Some catch fire and follow him, and some shoot back, “I wanted the fruit of the judgment; I wanted to dress as I please — who do you think you are?” And who followed him most? Here we’re fortunate: it was those most honest about their own need, the greatest sinners, those who knew they couldn’t clothe themselves — those clear about their own powerlessness. These are the ones who clung to him, even drying his feet with their hair; the others eyed him squeamishly. Freedom is challenged to the very end, precisely because he doesn’t spare us the challenge but puts it back in our hands.

Question - Let me pick that up. Before wonder it’s easy to let myself be carried through; but when you provoked me about anxiety, I often freeze, because I’m afraid something ugly will surface from it. How do you cross even the hardest circumstances without stopping at that foreboding?

Pierluigi Banna - The song from earlier has a line I’d written down — the song was all I knew of that encounter: “like a tired child, now I want to rest, and I leave my life to you.” I think wonder is reborn right where Julián was inviting me to look at my anxiety: in having met someone who isn’t afraid of your anxiety and who puts back at the center the certainty that you, in this instant, are made. It’s like the father who steps into the dark room the child won’t enter: the child says, “With him I can,” and finds a presence that doesn’t take away the fear of the dark but begins to give a certainty about who is walking through it with him.

Some testimonies struck me. A young woman, facing a hard trial, prays with brazen boldness: “Will you take responsibility for having made me this way?” — she begins to look at every difficulty, the dark, the struggles of her life by turning to a presence set before her: she has no problem of setting herself right, not even of ridding herself of fear, but she knows, like a child, whom to look to. And today a mother — she has a son with a very grave relapse of leukemia — quoted me an article that had struck her and said: “I pray, and I know whom I’m asking. I know I’m asking Our Lady until I tear her skirt; and since she’s a very modest mother and doesn’t want it torn, sooner or later she’ll listen.” She didn’t know that, saying this, she was taking up a line from the great Anthony the Abbot, father of Eastern monasticism, who comments on the phrase “the kingdom of God belongs to the violent”: that is, to those who aren’t afraid, like a cheeky child, to yank at their father until he pays attention. It doesn’t take your fear away; it gives you the certainty of a presence with which to face it. And I could add other examples of people living through great trials. Another mother, who lost a son, tells me: “This lost motherhood is like a fire. My life is a very heavy cross, and yet from this pain a life has been kindled, so mysterious, that I don’t want to fail it.” You see that it’s on the wave of that exceptionality that a person can enter any circumstance — as Fr. Giussani always says — “like a child, certain and glad.”

I’ve had to face a few hard situations, none of them anything like these, and it’s from these that I learn. But with the same certainty: if you are there, I’ll go to meet it, even in the dark. I’m not afraid of those who raise their voice like the rivers of the psalm, of those who accuse me for my bad actions. I enter any arena, as the Letter to the Hebrews says, surrounded by a cloud of witnesses — these saints I’ve spoken of — keeping my eyes fixed on Jesus. This, for me, is Christianity. If this love that fills you with wonder doesn’t happen, all that’s left is habit, rite, morality, or intellectual systems, fascinating but unconvincing to life. We can only ask God — precisely because we keep our eyes too fixed on our own poverties, on the judgment of our actions — to keep winning us back, as Michelangelo says in his Rime, with his usual ineffable courtesy, with that method all his own: to conquer while respecting your freedom, courting it like a lover. And this never leaves you alone. This is the source of true company. In a world that talks so much about individualism — denouncing it, yet unable to point out roads toward true company — the one who is truly your friend is the one who ushers you into the relationship with this Father, as Julián did with me: the one who each time sets you again before the evidence of a Father who in this instant makes you and lets you enter any dark. And once you set out to follow this Father, you notice you aren’t alone, that you have many friends you’re following. And when, with a little humility, you look back, you see — unworthily — that many others are following you as well, and you understand that, through you, they’re following him. This is Christian company.

Question - Thank you, Fr. Pigi, for your friendship and for being with us. We’d changed the questions because we knew you’d amaze us. And so you did.

Pierluigi Banna - A sign that the one who amazes is an Other: otherwise the amazement couldn’t be explained.

Pierluigi Banna

Pierluigi Banna, born in 1984, is an Italian Catholic theologian and clergyman. He holds a PhD in Systematic Theology and History, teaching at the Faculty of Theology of Northern Italy and Catholic University in Milan. Banna's research focuses on patristics and early Christianity's relationship with ancient philosophy. He actively contributes to academic discourse, exploring faith, reason, and contemporary cultural issues.

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